Hydroarylation of arenes with styrenes using Montmorillonite K-10 as an efficient,selective, and recyclable catalyst

Abstract

Hydroarylation of styrene and its derivatives with arenes and heteroarenes was studied using Montmorillonite K-10 as an efficient, environmentally benign, economical, greener, and recyclable catalyst. The reaction gives 1,1-diarylalkanes with a very high selectivity and excellent yields in short time with greater substrate compatibility.     

Simple and Advantageneous Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)-Allyl Phosphonates Starting from Baylis–Hillman Adducts

Baylis–Hillman adducts 3-hydroxyl-2-methylene alkanoates have been converted in one pot into the corresponding (Z)-allyl phosphonates by treatment with FeCl₃ and trialkyl phosphites in toluene under reflux. The products are formed in excellent yields (88–98%) within 1–1.5 h. The process is highly convenient and efficient, cost-effective, and remarkably stereoselective.     

2,2＂-Bipyridine Adduct of Bis（O,O＇-di（2- phenylethyl）dithiophosphato）cadmium（ll）： Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Crystal Structure and Antibacterial Activity

A new 2,2＂-bipyridine adduct of bis（O,O＇-di（2-phenylethyl）dithiophosphato） cadmium（II）, [Cd{S2P（OCH2CH2Ph）2}2＂bipy] （1, bipy -- 2,2＂-bipyridine）, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The crystal of 1 crystallizes in triclinic, space group P1 with a = 10.4607（19）, b = 11.679（2）, c = 18.480（3） A, a = 98.900（2）, β = 103.321（2）, ）, = 91.779（2）, V= 2165.2（7） A3, Dc = 1.447 g/cm3, Z = 2, C42H4404N2P2S4Cd, Mr = 943.37, F（000） = 968,μ = 0.814 mm-1, the final R = 0.0536 and wR = 0.1206 for 6275 observed reflections with 1 〉 2a（/） and R = 0.0690 and wR = 0.1339 for all data. The result shows that the Cd（1） centre is five-coordinated by two N and three S atoms in a highly distorted square pyramidal configuration. The C-H＇＂S hydrogen bonding interactions and a set of weak intermolecular r-r stacking between adjacent aromatic rings stabilize the structure and make 1 assemble into a 1D zig-zag chain. In addition, the antibacterial activities of 1 against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus bacteria were also screened by disc diffusion method.     

New Acyclic Neutral Phosphorus Sulfides and Sulfide Oxides

A great number of binary neutral phosphorus sulfides was discovered and investigated. However all stable representatives of this family of compounds adopt a polycyclic structure in contrast to their lighter homologues, the nitrogen oxides. Acyclic representatives can be stabilized by adduct formation with a nitrogen base. The bis(pyridine) adduct py₂P₂S₅ of the unstable acyclic phosphorus sulfide P₂S₅ is readily obtained stirring P₄S₁₀ in pyridine at ambient temperature. X‐ray diffraction studies on single crystals of py₂P₂S₅ · 0.5 py ( 1b ) show a N₂O₅ like structure for the P₂S₅ framework. The long P–N distances of 1.86 Å indicate only weak coordination of the pyridine molecules to phosphorus. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies on py₂P₂S_4.34O_0.66 ( 2 ) reveal the presence of py₂P₂S₄O ( 3 ) together with py₂P₂S₅ in the crystal. Compound 3 contains the mixed phosphorus oxide sulfide molecule P₂S₄O stabilized as bis(pyridine) adduct. It is readily obtained from pyP₂S₅ by oxidation with KMnO₄ in pyridine. The oxygen atom occupies the bridging position between the two phosphorus atoms. Quantum chemical calculations at the MPW1PW91 level of theory as well as DTA/TG thermal analyses confirm the weak coordination of the pyridine molecules in py₂P₂S₅, py₂P₂S₄O, and py₂P₂S₇ to phosphorus.     

Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and multiple‐scattering simulation of nickel dithiolene complexes Ni[S2C2(CF3)2]2n (n = −2, −1, 0) and an olefin adduct Ni[S2C2(CF3)2]2(1‐hexene)

A series of Ni dithiolene complexes Ni[S₂C₂(CF₃)]₂ⁿ (n = ?2, ?1, 0) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) and a 1‐hexene adduct Ni[S₂C₂(CF₃)₂]₂(C₆H₁₂) ( 4 ) have been examined by Ni K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) and extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies. Ni XANES for 1 – 3 reveals clear pre‐edge features and approximately +0.7 eV shift in the Ni K‐edge position for `one‐electron' oxidation. EXAFS simulation shows that the Ni—S bond distances for 1 , 2 and 3 (2.11–2.16 Å) are within the typical values for square planar complexes and decrease by ～0.022 Å for each `one‐electron' oxidation. The changes in Ni K‐edge energy positions and Ni—S distances are consistent with the `non‐innocent' character of the dithiolene ligand. The Ni—C interactions at ～3.0 Å are analyzed and the multiple‐scattering parameters are also determined, leading to a better simulation for the overall EXAFS spectra. The 1‐hexene adduct 4 presents no pre‐edge feature, and its Ni K‐edge position shifts by ?0.8 eV in comparison with its starting dithiolene complex 3 . Consistently, EXAFS also showed that the Ni—S distances in 4 elongate by ～0.046 Å in comparison with 3 . The evidence confirms that the neutral complex is `reduced' upon addition of olefin, presumably by olefin donating the π‐electron density to the LUMO of 3 as suggested by UV/visible spectroscopy in the literature.     

Evidence for ion–ion interactions between peptides and anions (HSO4− or ClO4−) derived from high‐acidity acids

The existence of gas‐phase electrostatic ion–ion interactions between protonated sites on peptides ([Glu] Fibrinopeptide B, Angiotensin I and [Asn¹, Val⁵]‐Angiotensin II) and attaching anions (ClO₄^? and HSO₄^?) derived from strong inorganic acids has been confirmed by CID MS/MS. Evidence for ion–ion interactions comes especially from the product ions formed during the first dissociation step, where, in addition to the expected loss of the anion or neutral acid, other product ions are also observed that require covalent bond cleavage (i.e. H₂O loss when several carboxylate groups are present, or NH₃ loss when only one carboxylate group is present). For [[Glu] Fibrinopeptide B + HSO₄]^?, under CID, H₂O water loss was found to require less energy than H₂SO₄ departure. This indicates that the interaction between HSO₄^? and the peptide is stronger than the covalent bond holding the hydroxyl group, and must be an ion–ion interaction. The strength and stability of this type of ion‐pairing interaction are highly dependent on the accessibility of additional mobile charges to the site. Positive mobile charges such as protons from the peptide can be transferred to the attaching anion to possibly form a neutral that may depart from the complex. Alternatively, an ion–ion interaction can be disrupted by a competing proximal additional negatively charged site of the peptide that can potentially form a salt bridge with the positively charged site and thereby facilitate the attaching anion's departure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate catalyzed synthesis of α-dehydro-β-amino esters

α-Dehydro-β-amino esters have been synthesized regioselectively from acetates of Baylis-Hillman adducts with amines in the presence of a catalytic amount of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in good yield. The regioselectivity does not differ with respect to the polarity of the solvent.     

Spectral and Mechanistic Studies of the Reactions of Substituted 1,5-Benzothiazepine with Dichloroacetyl Chloride and Triethylamine

A lot of attentions have been paid to the synthesis of benzothiazepines and derivatives1,2 due to their significant physiological activities. It has been reported that b-lactam, a major part of the antibiotic skeleton, can be introduced to a molecule by reaction of an imine moiety with ketene3,4. We introduced a b-lactam skeleton to benzothiazepine and hoped the new compounds may possess certain biological activities. SHNH3ClCHCHCOC2H5OHSNClCla: ortho-Clb: para-Cl+PyridineScheme …     

Synthesis, structure determination, and (radio-)fluorination of novel functionalized phosphanes suitable for the traceless Staudinger ligation

An elegant and efficient synthesis approach for the preparation of novel benzoate and nicotinate containing phosphanes is presented. This reaction path has a broad substrate scope. Thus, various functionalized phosphanes were obtained in high yields using an esterification procedure under Steglich conditions. A facile blocking of the phosphorus atom with BH₃ was carried out. BH₃ as easily insertable and removable protecting group enables a further derivatization of the benzoate residue. The prepared phosphane derivatives proved to be valuable labeling building blocks for the implementation of a bioorthogonal (radio-)fluorination strategy and were applied for labeling purposes using the traceless Staudinger ligation. For this purpose, a selection of azide-functionalized small organic and bioactive sample molecules was prepared. Furthermore, a mild and selective (radio-)fluorination of these derivatives is demonstrated adopting this bioorthogonal ligation method.