不同耐热型春玉米品种对高温的光谱特征响应

运用两种光谱仪（SPAD-502叶绿素仪与Sunscan植物冠层分析仪）分析了华北平原不同耐热型春玉米品种的光合性能对灌浆期高温的光谱学特征响应。田间试验于2011年—2012年在河北省吴桥县进行。品种选用天玉198、兴玉998与天润606,设置2个播种期（4月15日与4月25日）,于灌浆期测定3个光谱特征值,即叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、叶面积指数（leaf area index, LAI）与光合有效辐射（photosynthetically active radiation, PAR）。结果表明,播种期4月15日与4月25日相比,春玉米灌浆期≥33 ℃日最高气温的天数与日均温分别增加了3.5 d和0.8 ℃,而日照时数、降雨量、气温日较差及生育期长短均相似; 天玉198与兴玉998、天润606相比,耐热指数（stress tolerance indices, STI）分别高2.9%,11.0%; 根据STI由大到小的顺序,将天玉198、兴玉998与天润606分别定为耐热型、较耐热型与不耐热型品种; 播种期4月15日,天玉198比兴玉998、天润606的产量分别高4.1%,13.7%,SPAD分别高12.5%,19.6%,LAI分别高5.3%,5.6%,PAR分别高4.0%,14.0%; 播种期4月25日,产量分别高1.3%,2.8%; SPAD分别高3.5%,6.0%,LAI分别高1.7%,4.1%,PAR分别高-4.4%,0.9%; 三个品种在高温胁迫环境下产量差异显著,耐热型品种具有显著的产量、SPAD与LAI优势（p＜0.05）。播种期4月15日相对于4月25日,天玉198、兴玉998、天润606的产量分别降低了3.2%,5.9%,12.6%; SPAD分别降低了8.6%,12.4%,15.7%; LAI分别降低了11.7%,17.6%,19.8%; PAR分别降低了3.4%,11.3%,14.5%; STI与SPAD的降幅（r=-0.883,p＜0.05）、LAI的降幅（r=-0.853,p＜0.05）均呈显著负相关,与PAR的降幅（r=-0.923,p＜0.01）呈极显著负相关; SPAD的降幅与PAR的降幅（r=0.872,p＜0.05）呈显著正相关; LAI的降幅与PAR的降幅（r=0.943,p＜0.05）呈极显著正相关。综上所述,耐热型春玉米品种在灌浆期受高温胁迫时,能够在个体层面保持相对较高的叶绿素含量,在群体层面保持相对较高的叶面积,进而保持了较高的光能截获与利用,削弱了高温对光合的抑制程度,缩小了产量降幅,实现了高产与稳产; 品种的耐热性可以通过其光谱特征（SPAD,LAI和PAR）对高温的响应作为鉴定与评价的主要指标之一,为利用光谱特征研究玉米耐热性提供了依据。     

清代绿色蟠龙邮票印刷材料无损分析

利用超景深三维视频显微镜, 激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪和扫描电镜-能谱仪对一张清代绿色蟠龙邮票样品的纸张, 油墨等印刷材料进行无损分析。结果表明,该样票采用手工雕刻凹版印刷,所用承印物为长纤维机制纸,未经过涂布, 无水印, 背胶;纸张填料中含有Al, Si等元素,推断纸张填料可能是高岭土(Al₂O₃·2SiO₂·2H₂O)之类的物质。绿色油墨包含了蓝色普鲁士蓝(Prussian Blue,Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃·14-16H₂O)和黄色铬酸铅[Lead(Ⅱ) chromate,PbCrO₄]颜料,根据印刷色彩学色料减色和色光加色理论分析,邮票样品呈现的绿色是由蓝色颜料普鲁士蓝和黄色颜料铬酸铅混合呈色的结果;油墨填料中含有Na, Mg, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Zn, Ba等元素,推断油墨填料为MgCO₃, CaCO₃, BaSO₄等物质。上述三项技术联用,在邮票等纸质品的无损分析中具有广阔的应用前景。     

中国化学史研究的重要奠基者曹元宇

化学史学家、化学教育家、书画家、诗人曹元宇从研究中国古文献《道藏》中的化学开始,发表了《中国古代金丹家的设备和方法》,开创了中国炼丹术研究的先河;出版了《中国化学史话》,对中国化学史研究及教育做出了重要贡献。     

Self-assembly of l-tryptophan on Cu(111) studied by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

The self-assembly of l-tryptophan on Cu(111) is investigated by an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at 4.4 K. When deposited onto the substrate at around 120 K with a coverage of 0.1 monolayer, molecular trimers, tetramers, hexamers, and chains coexist on Cu(111). Then almost all molecules self-assemble into chiral hexamers after being annealed at room temperature. When increasing molecular coverage to the full layer, a new type of chain is observed on the surface. Based on the high-resolution STM images at sub-molecular level, we suggest that the l-tryptophan molecules are present in neutral, zwitterionic or anionic states in these structures.     

Efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by hollow cobalt hydroxide for degradation of ibuprofen and theoretical study

Hollow microsphere structure cobalt hydroxide (h-Co(OH)₂) was synthesized via an optimized solvothermal-hydrothermal process and applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of a typical pharmaceutically active compound, ibuprofen (IBP). The material characterizations confirmed the presence of the microscale hollow spheres with thin nanosheets shell in h-Co(OH)₂, and the crystalline phase was assigned to α-Co(OH)₂. h-Co(OH)₂ could efficiently activate PMS for radicals production, and 98.6% of IBP was degraded at 10 min. The activation of PMS by h-Co(OH)₂ was a pH-independent process, and pH 7 was the optimum condition for the activation-degradation system. Scavenger quenching test indicated that the sulfate radical (SO₄^{? ?}) was the primary reactive oxygen species for IBP degradation, which contributed to 75.7%. Fukui index (f ^?) based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation predicted the active sites of IBP molecule for SO₄^{? ?} attack, and then IBP degradation pathway was proposed by means of intermediates identification and theoretical calculation. The developed hollow Co(OH)₂ used to efficiently activate PMS is promising and innovative alternative for organic contaminants removal from water and wastewater.     

The adsorption of acidic gaseous pollutants on metal and nonmetallic surface studied by first-principles calculation: A review

The acidic gases such as SO₂, NO_x, H₂S and CO₂ are typical harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are also the main sources of PM_2.5. The most widely used method of treating these gas molecules is to capture them with different adsorption materials, i.e., metal and nonmetallic materials such as MnO₂, MoS₂ and carbon-based materials. And doping transition metal atoms in adsorption materials are beneficial to the gas adsorption process. The first-principles calculation is a powerful tool for studying the adsorption properties of contaminant molecules on different materials at the molecular and atomic levels to understand surface adsorption reactions, adsorption reactivity, and structure-activity relationships which can provide theoretical guidance for laboratory researches and industrial applications. This review introduces the adsorption models and surface properties of these gas molecules on metal and nonmetallic surfaces by first-principles calculation in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide the theoretical guidance for experimental research and industrial application, and to inspire scientists to benefit from first-principles calculation for applying similar methods in future work.     

Near-infrared dyes,nanomaterials and proteins

Taking the advantage of reduced scattering and low autofluorescence background, the NIR fluorescence probes, such as fluorescence proteins, organic molecules and nanoparticles, not only hold the promise of in vivo imaging of biological processes in physiology and pathology with high signal-to-noise ratio, but also for clinical diagnosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress on NIR probes, focusing on fundamental mechanisms of NIR dyes and nanoparticles, and protein engineering strategies for NIR proteins.     

One-dimensional and two-dimensional nanomaterials for the detection of multiple biomolecules

The complexity of biological samples determines that the detection of a single biomolecule is unable to satisfy actual needs. Moreover, the “false positives” results caused by a single biomolecule detections easily leads to erroneous clinical diagnosis and treatment. Thus, it is important for the homogenous quantification of multiple biomolecules in not only basic research but also practical application. As a consequent, a large number of literatures have been exploited to monitor multiple biomolecules in homogenous solution, enabling facilitating the development of the disease diagnosis, treatment as well as drug discovery. One-dimensional nanomaterials and two-dimensional nanomaterials have special physical and chemical properties, such as good electrochemical properties, stable structure, large specific surface area, and biocompatibility, which are widely used in electrochemical and fluorescent detection of biomolecules. This tutorial review highlights the recent development for the detection of multiple biomolecules by using nanomaterials including one-dimensional materials (1DMs) as well as two-dimensional materials (2DMs).     

Nd(OTf)3-catalyzed intramolecular-intermolecular cascade cyclization reaction: An access to phenanthro[9,10-b]furan derivatives

An intramolecular-intermolecular cascade cyclization reaction via multi metal-carbene intermediates has been developed. This reaction uses catalytic amount of Nd(OTf)₃, which actives both alkyne and aldehyde moieties. This protocol provides a novel strategy for the synthesis of phenanthro[9,10-b]furans.     

Encapsulated ultrafine and highly dispersed molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles in hollow mesoporous silica spheres as an efficient epoxidation catalyst for alkenes

A facile post-synthetic strategy was developed to functionalize the preformed hollow mesoporous silica spheres by encapsulating the molybdenum dioxide (MoO₂) nanoparticles inside the interior cavity. Hollow mesoporous silica spheres were prepared and employed as carriers, and the encapsulation of MoO₂ nanoparticles was achieved through a one-pot hydrothermal protocol. After characterization, the encapsulated MoO₂ nanoparticles were certified to be ultrafine and highly dispersed, which greatly promoted the catalytic activity. The as-prepared catalysts were utilized in epoxidation of alkenes and exhibited as a promising catalyst in this reaction. After reacting for 10 h, the optimal catalyst MoO₂@SiO₂-1 achieved a conversion above 95% and selectivity above 95%, respectively. Moreover, the catalysts also exhibited good reusability, conversion of 78% and selectivity of 89% (reaction time 4 h) were still obtained after recycling for 5 times. Meanwhile, the employed facial and efficient hydrothermal approach could be expanded to other molybdenum modified heterogeneous catalysts in various applications.