One-dimensional and two-dimensional nanomaterials for the detection of multiple biomolecules

By utilizing nanomaterials including one-dimensional materials (1DMs) and two-dimensional materials (2DMs), the recent development for the determination of multiple biomolecules has been focused.     

Recent Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials for microRNA Electrochemical Sensing

MicroRNA (miRNA) is an important tumor marker in the human body, and its early detection has a great influence on the survival rate of patients. Although there are many detection methods for miRNA at present such as northern blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, and others, electrochemical biosensors have the advantages of low detection cost, small instrument size, simple operation, non-invasive detection and low consumption of reagents and solvents, and thus they play an important role in the early detection of cancer. In addition, with the development of nanotechnology, nano-biosensors show great potential. The application of various nanomaterials in the development of electrochemical biosensor has greatly improved the detection sensitivity of electrochemical biosensor. Among them, carbon nanomaterials which have unique electrical, optical, physical and chemical properties have attracted increasing attention. In particular, they have a large surface area, good biocompatibility and conductivity. Therefore, carbon nanomaterials combined with electrochemical methods can be used to detect miRNA quickly, easily and sensitively. In this review, we systematically review recent applications of different carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphitic carbon nitride, carbon dots, graphene quantum dots and other carbon nanomaterials) for miRNA electrochemical detection. In addition, we demonstrate the future prospects of electrochemical biosensors modified by carbon nanomaterials for the detection of miRNAs, and some suggestions for their development in the near future.     

非酶葡萄糖传感器电极材料构建策略

电化学传感器因具有灵敏度高、检测限低等优点而得到广泛应用,将非酶电化学传感器应用于葡萄糖浓度的检测具备重要的研究价值。以金属有机骨架、碳材料和导电聚合物为基底与金属及其衍生物复合,构建的纳米复合材料修饰电极对于葡萄糖的检测具有极高的灵敏度、较低的检测限和快速响应的能力,可应用于实际样品的检测。本文综述了近年来非酶葡萄糖电化学传感器的研究进展,通过对纳米复合材料的性能比较,为非酶葡萄糖传感器的构建提供思路。     

基于纳米材料的电化学免疫传感器在传染性病原体POCT中的应用

传染性病原体POCT对于及时有效控制传染病尤为关键。相比于传统检测方法,基于电化学免疫传感器的传染性病原体检测具有快速、灵敏、准确、易于小型化和集成化等优势,尤其适用于传染病POCT。新兴的纳米材料因其独特的理化性质可用于修饰传感器界面或作为生物分子的固载基质以及信号标记物等,有助于构建出高选择性和高灵敏度的电化学免疫传感器。在本文中,我们着重阐述了不同结构的纳米材料修饰的电化学免疫传感器在传染性病原体POCT检测中的应用,进一步介绍了基于纳米材料的电化学免疫传感器与不同检测技术联用在传染性病原体POCT中的应用,并对其发展前景做出了展望。     

Engineered Nanomaterial Assisted Signal‐amplification Strategies for Enhancing Analytical Performance of Electrochemical Biosensors

The design and development of modern biosensors for sensitive and selective detection of various biomarkers is important in diversified arenas including healthcare, environment, and food industries etc. The requirement of more robust and reliant biosensors lead to the development of various sensing modules. The nanomaterials having specific optical, electrical, and mechanical strength can pave the way towards development of ultrafast, robust, and miniaturized modules for biosensors. It can provide not only the point‐of‐care applicability but also has tremendous commercial as well as industrial justification. In order to improve the performance of the sensor systems, various nanostructure materials have been readily studied and applied for development of novel biosensors. In the last few years, researchers are engaged on harnessing the unique atomic and molecular properties of advance‐engineered materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and their nano‐conjugates. In view of such recent developments in nanomaterial engineering, the current review has been formulated emphasizing the role of these materials in surface engineering, biomolecule conjugation, and signal amplification for development of various ultrasensitive and robust biosensors having commercial as well as industrial viability. Attention is given on the electrochemical biosensors incorporating various nanomaterials and their conjugates. Importance of nanomaterials in the analytical performance of the various biosensor has also been discussed. To put a perceptive insights on the importance of various nanomaterials, an extended table is incorporated, which includes probe design, analyte, LOD, and dynamic range of various electrochemical biosensors.     

基于功能性纳米材料的新型电化学界面的构筑以及相关应用(英文)

由于独特的光、电、磁以及催化性质,功能性纳米材料的研究已经渗透到各个学科并在不同领域展示出潜在的应用前景,尤其是利用纳米材料构建功能性电极界面、研究其电化学行为并发展新颖的电化学纳米器件引起了了人们的广泛关注. 本篇综述中,主要介绍作者研究小组在以功能性纳米材料构建新颖的电化学界面的最新进展,集中关注其在电化学传感器、燃料电池以及光谱电化学中的应用. 这些纳米材料的应用极大地增强了电子转移、提高了电化学传感器的灵敏度以及燃料电池的催化效率. 作者也通过合成一些光谱匹配的荧光以及电致变色纳米材料构建新颖的荧光光谱电化学器件,同时在材料的合成组装、多重刺激响应体系以及多功能化进行探索. 最后,作者对这类基于纳米材料的电化学器件的发展和应用予以展望.     

Current progresses and trends in carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence biosensors

The enormous potential of biosensors in medical diagnostics has motivated scientists to develop newer innovative tools and advance biosensing technologies. The use of cell, organelles, nucleotides, aptamers, antibodies, affibodies, proteins, peptides, molecules, and printed polymers, merged with nanotechnology, offers excellent tools to prepare highly sensitive and advanced biosensors. Therefore, the current decade has witnessed a rapid surge in the fabrication of different nanomaterial-based biosensors. Among them, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged highly attractive in the fabrication of both electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors. On one hand, CNMs bear prominent electrical conductivity, large surface area to immobilize adequate amount of biomolecules, an enhanced loading capacity, improved biocompatibility, and active site for electrochemical reaction. Additionally, CNMs could be chemically modified for the covalent coupling with the biomolecules. On the other hand, both electrochemical and ECL biosensors allow for cost-effective, rapid, and real-time detection with excellent sensitivity and selectivity, with the capability of integrating different biomolecules and CNMs on the same chip. However, currently there is not a single review, which includes CNM-based electrochemical and ECL biosensors' current progress and trends. Therefore, this review intends to survey the current progress and future trends in CNM-based electrochemical and ECL biosensors.     

纳米钒氧化物的制备和机理研究进展

钒氧化物由于其特殊的层状结构和接近室温下的热致相变性质,其纳米结构材料在电化学、催化、光信息存储、光致变色等领域的应用受到越来越多的关注。本文总结了不同维度(包括零维、一维和二维)钒氧化物纳米材料的主要制备方法(水热-溶剂热法、溶胶-凝胶法、反应溅射法等)及其形成机理,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

基于金属有机骨架的非酶葡萄糖电化学传感器

葡萄糖的快速有效检测在维持人体健康、疾病控制与诊断、生物科学和食品科学等方面具有重要意义。基于金属有机骨架(MOFs)的催化活性和比表面积大等特点,MOFs已被成功开发为非酶葡萄糖电化学传感器。本文综述了基于非改性MOFs、纳米金属粒子掺杂MOFs、金属及金属氧化物核@MOFs、碳纳米材料@MOFs、核-壳MOFs在检测葡萄糖方面的研究进展,从掺杂材料、检测能力等方面进行了综述,并对今后非酶葡萄糖电化学传感器的发展进行了展望。     

电化学葡萄糖传感器

作为电化学生物传感器中最重要的研究内容之一,葡萄糖生物传感器在数十年的发展中取得了巨大进展。本文综述了近年来利用纳米技术设计的新型电化学葡萄糖传感器的主要研究进展,并从纳米材料维度分类进行了讨论。其中,零维纳米材料主要讨论了包括金纳米颗粒、银纳米颗粒以及铜、铂等金属纳米颗粒材料; 一维纳米材料主要讨论了通过模板法制备的金属或金属氧化物纳米线以及单臂或者多壁纳米管材料; 二维纳米材料主要总结了以碳为基础的石墨烯材料和一些片状的金属材料。纳米材料对电化学葡萄糖传感器的影响主要集中在生物相容性、增强检测灵敏度、酶的固定等方面。此外,本文也对电化学葡萄糖传感器的今后发展做了展望。     

Electrochemical biosensors based on Ti3C2Tx MXene: future perspectives for on-site analysis

MXenes are recently developed two-dimensional layered materials composed of early transition metal carbides and/or nitrides that provide unique characteristics for biosensor applications. This review presents the recent progress made on the usage and applications of MXenes in the field of electrochemical biosensors, including microfluidic biosensors and wearable microfluidic biosensors, and highlights the challenges with possible solutions and future needs. The multilayered configuration and high conductivity make these materials as an immobilization matrix for the biomolecule immobilization with activity retention and to be explored in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors, respectively. First, how the MXene nanocomposite as an electrode modifier affects the sensing performance of the electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes, aptamer/DNA, and immunoassays is well described. Second, recent developments in MXene nanocomposites as wearable biosensing platforms for the biomolecule detection are highlighted. This review pointed out the future concerns and directions for the use of MXene nanocomposites to fabricate advanced electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, possibilities for developing microfluidic electrochemical sensors and wearable electrochemical microfluidic sensors with integrated biomolecule detection are emphasized.     

纳米材料在肿瘤光动力治疗中的研究进展

光动力治疗是新兴的非侵入性癌症治疗方法。纳米材料以其独特的结构以及光物理、光化学性质成为可用于光动力治疗的光敏剂。根据纳米材料的不同种类,分别对无机非金属纳米材料、无机金属纳米材料、有机小分子纳米材料以及有机聚合物纳米材料等的构建策略及其在光动力治疗肿瘤中的应用进行综述。展望了纳米材料在未来肿瘤光动力治疗中的挑战和发展方向。为新一代纳米光敏剂的构建提供创新思路,并扩展其在癌症治疗中的潜力。     

Recent Progress on Graphene‐based Electrochemical Biosensors

The detailed records and conclusions on the important advancements in graphene‐based electrochemical biosensors have been reviewed. Due to their outstanding properties, graphene‐based materials have been widely studied for the accurate electrochemical detection of many biomolecules, which is extremely vital to the development of biomedical instruments, clinical diagnosis, and disease treatment. This review discusses the graphene research for the effective immobilization of enzymes, including glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and hemoglobin, etc., and the accurate detection of biomolecules, including glucose, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DNA, RNA, and carcinoembryonic antigen, etc. In most of the cases, the graphene‐based biosensors exhibited remarkable performance with high sensitivities, wide linear detection ranges, low detection limits, and long‐term stabilities.     

Amplified Electrochemical Immunosensor for Calmodulin Detection Based on Gold‐Silver‐Graphene Hybrid Nanomaterials and Enhanced Gold Nanorods Labels

Calmodulin (CaM) is an important intracellular calcium‐binding protein. It plays a critical role in a variety of biological and biochemical processes. In this paper, a new electrochemical immunosensing protocol for sensitive detection of CaM was developed by using gold‐silver‐graphene (AuAgGP) hybrid nanomaterials as protein immobilization matrices and gold nanorods (GNRs) as enhanced electrochemical labels. Electrode was first modified with thionine‐chitosan film to provide an immobilization support for gold‐silver‐graphene hybrid nanomaterials. The hybrid materials formed an effective matrix for binding of CaM with high density and improved the electrochemical responses as well. Gold nanorods were prepared for the fabrication of enhanced labels (HRP‐Ab₂‐GNRs), which provided a large capacity for HRP‐Ab₂ immobilization and a facile pathway for electron transfer. With two‐step immunoassay format, the HRP‐Ab₂‐GNRs labels were introduced onto the electrode surface, and produced electrochemical responses by catalytic reaction of HRP toward enzyme substrate of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the presence of thionine. The proposed immunosensor showed an excellent analytical performance for the detection of CaM ranging from 50 pg mL^?1 to 200 ng mL^?1 with a detection limit of 18 pg mL^?1. The immunosensor has also been successfully applied to the CaM analysis in two cancer cells (HepG2 and MCF‐7) with high sensitivity, which has shown great potency for improving clinic diagnosis and treatment for cancer study.     

Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Sensing Area: Applications and Challenges in Food Analysis

Recently, nanomaterials have received increasing attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which make them of considerable interest for applications in many fields, such as biotechnology, optics, electronics, and catalysis. The development of nanomaterials has proven fundamental for the development of smart electrochemical sensors to be used in different application fields such, as biomedical, environmental, and food analysis. In fact, they showed high performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. In this report, we present a survey of the application of different nanomaterials and nanocomposites with tailored morphological properties as sensing platforms for food analysis. Particular attention has been devoted to the sensors developed with nanomaterials such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials, and related nanocomposites. Finally, several examples of sensors for the detection of some analytes present in food and beverages, such as some hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid), caffeine (CAF), ascorbic acid (AA), and nitrite are reported and evidenced.     

用于抗生素检测的纳米材料基电化学传感器研究进展

近年来,抗生素作为基本的治疗药物在医学、畜牧业、水产养殖业等方面被广泛应用,但其过量使用造成的抗生素残留问题也给生态环境、食品安全和人类健康造成严重的威胁。鉴于此,纳米电化学传感器在抗生素快速检测方面的研究成为热点,也取得了可观的进展。本文首先对抗生素进行了简单介绍,通过分析抗生素的电化学性质,综述了不同结构和类型的纳米电化学传感器在多种基质中检测抗生素的应用,以强调纳米材料构建电化学平台对抗生素检测的重要性,并对该领域的发展前景做了展望。     

Electrochemiluminescence bioassays based on carbon nitride nanomaterials and 2D transition metal carbides

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful technique for bioassays. To meet the growing demand for bioassays, it is necessary to develop new ECL emitters and co-reaction acceleration strategies to improve detection sensitivity and expand the application scope. Carbon nitride nanomaterials and 2D transition metal carbides, as newly emerging carbon-based nanomaterials, have been increasingly used for ECL bioassays due to their attractive optical and electrochemical properties as well as diversity. In this minireview, we summarized the latest advances in ECL bioassays using carbon nitride nanomaterials and 2D transition metal carbides in the past two years. Finally, we briefly discuss the future trends and challenges of carbon-based nanomaterials for ECL bioanalysis.     

Tailoring the NIR-II Photoluminescence of Single Thiolated Au25 Nanoclusters by Selective Binding to Proteins**

Atomically precise gold nanoclusters are a fascinating class of nanomaterials that exhibit molecule-like properties and have outstanding photoluminescence (PL). Their ultrasmall size, molecular chemistry, and biocompatibility make them extremely appealing for selective biomolecule labeling in investigations of biological mechanisms at the cellular and anatomical levels. In this work, we report a simple route to incorporate a preformed Au₂₅ nanocluster into a model bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. A new approach combining small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular modeling provides a clear localization of a single Au₂₅ within the protein to a cysteine residue on the gold nanocluster surface. Attaching Au₂₅ to BSA strikingly modifies the PL properties with enhancement and a redshift in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window. This study paves the way to conrol the design of selective sensitive probes in biomolecules through a ligand-based strategy to enable the optical detection of biomolecules in a cellular environment by live imaging.     

Carbon Nanotube and Gold‐Based Materials: A Symbiosis

Carbon nanotubes constitute a novel class of nanomaterials with potential applications in many areas. The attachment of metal nanoparticles to carbon nanotubes is new way to obtain novel hybrid materials with interesting properties for various applications such as catalysts and gas sensors as well as electronic and magnetic devices. Their unique properties such as excellent electronic properties, a good chemical stability, and a large surface area make carbon nanotubes very useful as a support for gold nanoparticles in many potential applications, ranging from advanced catalytic systems through very sensitive electrochemical sensors and biosensors to highly efficient fuel cells. Here we give an overview on the recent progress in this area by exploring the various synthesis approaches and types of assemblies, in which nanotubes can be decorated with gold nanoparticles and explore the diverse applications of the resulting composites.     

MXene在癌症精准诊疗中的应用

癌症是威胁人类健康的第二号杀手,精准的筛查诊断技术和高效的治疗手段是治愈癌症的关键。纳米技术的迅猛发展为癌症的诊疗带来了新的思路和希望。新型二维材料MXene具有大的比表面积、高的导电性、良好的亲水性和优异的生物相容性,可以作为优良的基底材料构建生物传感平台,并通过兼容其他材料,形成具有高催化性能的MXene复合物,从而实现癌症生物标志物的精准检测。此外,MXene组分可调,且在可见光到红外区域具有强烈吸收和高光热转换效率,是理想的肿瘤光热治疗(PTT)试剂。迄今为止,关于MXene在癌症诊疗领域的专题论述鲜有报道。鉴于此,本文根据癌症生物标志物进行分类,综述了近年来基于MXene的生物传感平台在癌症标志物检测中的应用,并归纳了不同的MXene材料在PTT领域的最新研究进展,进而提出MXene在癌症诊疗领域面临的挑战和未来发展趋势。