饮用水中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的GC-MS分析

用顶空－毛细管气相色谱－质谱联用仪测定了北京主要区域的自来水,北京目前市场销售的瓶装饮用水（包括天然矿泉水,纯净水等）中２３种挥发性有机物（ＶＯＣｓ）（包括有机氯化物,有机溴代物及苯系物等）的浓度,并与其它城市（如天津,上海,兰州等地）的自来水中ＶＯＣｓ的浓度进行了比较,结果表明北京市区内自来水及大多数市售瓶瓶饮用水中ＶＯＣｓ含量很低。     

Pt-Pd/阳极氧化不锈钢膜催化剂对挥发性有机物燃烧反应活性的研究

以阳极氧化工艺处理的不锈钢氧化膜为载体,负载活性组分Pt和Pd后制成催化剂用于催化氧化挥发性有机物(VOCs).考察了空速、进料浓度、反应温度等因素对催化剂活性的影响.结果发现经阳极氧化工艺制备的催化剂具有良好的催化活性,对甲苯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等VOCs的处理转化率达到98%时的温度分别是240、270、320℃.在经1000℃的高温焙烧以后,发现催化剂在220℃即可使甲苯完全转化;并经过700h的寿命试验后,仍保持较高的催化活性.通过SEM对载体和催化剂的形貌进行了表征,结果发现经阳极氧化工艺处理的催化剂,其催化活性与其表面形成的氧化膜状态有关.     

Needle Trap Device-GC-MS for Characterization of Lung Diseases Based on Breath VOC Profiles

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been assessed in breath samples as possible indicators of diseases. The present study aimed to quantify 29 VOCs (previously reported as potential biomarkers of lung diseases) in breath samples collected from controls and individuals with lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Besides that, global VOC profiles were investigated. A needle trap device (NTD) was used as pre-concentration technique, associated to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Univariate and multivariate approaches were applied to assess VOC distributions according to the studied diseases. Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.003 to 6.21 ppbv and calculated relative standard deviations did not exceed 10%. At least 15 of the quantified targets presented themselves as discriminating features. A random forest (RF) method was performed in order to classify enrolled conditions according to VOCs’ latent patterns, considering VOCs responses in global profiles. The developed model was based on 12 discriminating features and provided overall balanced accuracy of 85.7%. Ultimately, multinomial logistic regression (MLR) analysis was conducted using the concentration of the nine most discriminative targets (2-propanol, 3-methylpentane, (E)-ocimene, limonene, m-cymene, benzonitrile, undecane, terpineol, phenol) as input and provided an average overall accuracy of 95.5% for multiclass prediction.     

工业园区边界污染气体定量分析及来源研究

工业园区中边界污染气体的浓度不仅受工业园区无组织污染源的排放影响，也受园区道路机动车尾气的扩散影响。利用AG-FTIR-DA3000型开放光程傅里叶变换红外光谱（Open-FTIR）测量系统，对厂区边界污染气体进行实时在线测量，确定污染气体厂界实测浓度。同时，针对机动车尾气扩散影响厂区边界污染气体浓度的问题，通过AG-FTIR-DX4000型便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）测量系统，确定不同排放标准下机动车尾气污染源浓度。利用便携式FTIR测量结果、风速风向、大气稳定度、车流量等变量因素建立参考坐标，给出了高斯扩散的数理模型。并结合Open-FTIR，对Open-FTIR的测量路径进行积分计算并构建点线源扩散模型，从而建立各种排放标准的烟团线源扩散表。将Open-FTIR实测浓度与构建的点线源扩散模型模拟浓度相结合，分析工业园区边界污染气体的来源。结果表明：厂区边界污染气体主要包括一氧化碳、甲烷、乙烯、乙醛、丙烯、甲醇、丙醛、异丁烯、甲醛、二氧化硫，其中一氧化碳、甲烷、乙烯浓度受机动车尾气的扩散影响。早晚高峰期时，机动车尾气的扩散对边界污染气体浓度影响较大；非高峰期，在1:00时与4:00—6:00时浓度骤升，出现高浓度点，不符合机动车尾气模型排放规则，主要受园区排放影响。其最高浓度与集中浓度分别为：5.50与4.00 mg·m-3；1.85与1.60 mg·m-3；78.00与40.00 μg·m-3。对比扩散表，符合尾气扩散浓度分布结果。其他测量结果组分的最高值和平均值依次为：1.65与1.40 mg·m-3；2.60与1.27 mg·m-3；43.53与11.40 mg·m-3；310.23与839.05 μg·m-3；76.32与38.96 μg·m-3；47.70与25.20 μg·m-3；1.33与1.16 mg·m-3。该研究不仅实现了工业园区边界多组分污染气体的实时在线测量，同时结合外场环境及便携式FTIR测量结果实现了边界污染气体浓度的混合测定。为今后对工业园区边界污染气体的来源判断提供了一种分析思路。     

Recent advances in cataluminescence gas sensor: Materials and methodologies

Cataluminescence (CTL), one kind of the chemiluminescence, generates on the surface of solid catalyst during a heterogeneous catalytic oxidation reaction with the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response, simple instrument and longtime stability. This review provides the advances in CTL, mainly discussed the developments of sensing materials, detection technologies and application of CTL in recent 3 years. Also, we proposed various prospects and expectations of CTL-based sensor system at the end of this paper.     

Ultrasensitive NOX Detection in Simulated Exhaled Air: Enhanced Sensing via Alumina Modification of In‐Situ Grown WO3 Nanoblocks

Seedless growth of vertically aligned nanostructures, which can induce smoother transport and minimize Ohmic contact between substrate and semiconductor, can be fabricated by in situ growth utilizing modified hydrothermal methods. Such devices can be useful in designing non‐invasive ultrasensitive hand‐held sensors for diagnostic identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled air, offering pain‐free and easier detection of long‐term diseases such as asthma. In the present work, WO₃ nanoblocks, with a high surface area and porosity, have been grown directly over transparent conducting oxide to minimize Ohmic resistance, facilitating smoother electron transfer and enhanced current response. Further modification with porous alumina (γ‐Al₂O₃), by electrodeposition, resulted in the selective and ultrasensitive detection of NO_X in simulated exhaled air. Crystal phase purity of as‐fabricated pristine as well modified samples is validated with X‐ray diffraction analysis. Morphological and microstructural analyses reveal the successful deposition of porous alumina over the surface of WO₃. Improved surface area and porosity is presented by porous alumina in the modified WO₃ device, suggesting more active sites for the gas molecules to get adsorbed and diffuse through the pores. Oxygen vacancies, which are detrimental in the transport phenomenon in the presented sensors, have been studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. Gas sensing studies have been performed by fabricating chemiresistor devices based on bare WO₃ and Al₂O₃‐modified WO₃. The higher sensitivity for NO_X gas in case of γ‐Al₂O₃‐modified WO₃ based devices, as compared to bare WO₃‐based devices, is attributed to the better surface area and charge transport kinetics. The presented device strategy offers crucial understanding in the design and development of non‐invasive, hand‐held devices for NO gas present in the human breath, with potential application in medical diagnostics.     

液态乳制品包装材料中VOCs迁移安全性研究

利用顶空/气相色谱-质谱(HS/GC-MS)联用法对百利包、利乐包、塑杯3种乳制品包装材料中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行迁移安全性研究。结果表明,平衡温度与保温时间对包装中的VOCs有不同程度的影响。百利包中均含有苯,部分含有异丙醇、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯,包装材料中VOCs含量为85.64~102.10 ng/cm2;利乐包含有苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯,部分含有异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙苯,包装材料中VOCs含量为54.77~75.16 ng/cm2;塑杯均含有苯,部分含有异丙醇、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯,包装材料中VOCs含量为82.63~171.25 ng/cm2。利用迁移模型对乳制品进行研究,得出苯迁移最坏情况为0.885×10-3mg/kg;穿过0.015 cm厚度包装材料所需的时间为76 d,大于其保质期45 d。     

Sorbent-based sampling methods for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air. Part 2. Sorbent selection and other aspects of optimizing air monitoring methods

Sorbent tubes/traps are widely used in combination with gas chromatographic (GC) analytical methods to monitor the vapour-phase fraction of organic compounds in air. Applications range from atmospheric research and ambient air monitoring (indoor and outdoor) to occupational hygiene (personal exposure assessment) and measuring chemical emission levels. Part 1 of this paper reviewed the main sorbent-based air sampling strategies including active (pumped) tube monitoring, diffusive (passive) sampling onto sorbent tubes/cartridges plus sorbent trapping/focusing of whole air samples that are either collected in containers (such as canisters or bags) or monitored online. Options for subsequent extraction and transfer to GC(MS) analysis were also summarised and the trend to thermal desorption (TD)-based methods and away from solvent extraction was explained. As a result of this trend, demand for TD-compatible sorbents (alternatives to traditional charcoal) is growing. Part 2 of this paper therefore continues with a summary of TD-compatible sorbents, their respective advantages and limitations and considerations for sorbent selection. Other analytical considerations for optimizing sorbent-based air monitoring methods are also discussed together with recent technical developments and sampling accessories which have extended the application range of sorbent trapping technology generally.     

Novel adsorbent based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes bonding on the external surface of porous silica gel particulates for trapping volatile organic compounds

A novel adsorbent, 3-amino-propylsilica gel-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (APSG-MW), was prepared by chemical bonding multi-walled carbon nanotubes on silica gel. The surface area of APSG-MW was 98 m²/g, and the particle size was between 60 and 80 mesh with the average size of 215.0 μm. The adsorption capability of the new adsorbent to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was measured. The effect of water to the adsorbent and its stability during storage were also investigated. Duplicate precision (DP) and distributed volume pair (DVP) on the basis of the EPA TO-17 criteria were estimated. The results showed that the sampling precision of the adsorbent was more superior compared to the MWCNTs because of the better air permeability. The new adsorbent was successfully applied in the determination of VOCs in ambient indoor air.