新型BT-BMT-xBNT无铅高储能密度陶瓷研究

本文采用传统固相反应法,成功制备了新型无铅弛豫铁电陶瓷(1-x)[0.9BaTiO₃-0.1Bi(Mg_0.25Ta_0.5)O₃]-xBi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃。结果表明,较高居里温度的Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃的引入,使得材料体系中建立了更多的以Bi—O耦合为主的极性纳米区域,弥补了因Bi(Mg_0.25Ta_0.5)O₃的加入导致的宏观极化强度的减少,提高了材料的饱和极化强度,实现了较高储能密度的同时具有更好的温度稳定性。在245 kV/cm电场强度下,x=0.2样品的储能密度约为4.01 J/cm³,储能效率约为84.86%,同时该组分在20~170 ℃储能密度的变化率小于5%,储能效率的变化率小于6%,表现出优异的温度稳定性。     

Energy dissipation of a ring-like metal rubber isolator

Metal rubber （MR） is a kind of homogeneous poroelastic damping material made of metal wire. In this paper, by ana- lyzing the forces on the MR isolator and the MR element, the hysteresis loops of the force and deformation are studied and verified by experiments. The results show that the force and displacement hysteresis loop of the MR isolator is described by the force and deformation hysteresis loops of the MR elements. In addition, the relationship between the energy dissipation coefficient of the MR element and that of the MR isolator is derived. The energy dissipation coefficient is programmed and calculated by MATLAB using experimental data, and the results are compared with the theoretical value. It is the basis for the design and applied research of the MR isolator in a future study.     

Energy spectrum of multi-radiation of X-rays in a low energy Mather-type plasma focus device

The multi-radiation of X-rays was investigated with special attention to their energy spectrum in a Mather-type plasma focus device （operated with argon gas）. The analysis is based on the effect of anomalous resistances. To study the energy spectrum, a four-channel diode X-ray spectrometer was used along with a special set of filters. The filters were suitable for detection of medium range X-rays as well as hard X-rays with energy exceeding 30 keV. The results indicate that the anomalous resistivity effect during the post pinch phase may cause multi-radiation of X-rays with a total duration of 300 ± 50 ns. The significant contribution of Cu-Kα was due to the medium range X-rays, nonetheless, hard X-rays with energies greater than 15 keV also participate in the process. The total emitted X-ray energy in the forms of Cu-K and Cu-K/3 was around 0.14 ± 0.02 （J/Sr） and 0.04 ±0.01 （J/Sr）, respectively. The total energy of the emitted hard X-ray （〉 15 keV） was around 0.12± 0.02 （J/Sr）.     

古老星系发现宇宙间最早的氧

正根据最新的研究,一个已知最古老的星系中存在最早的氧。这个命名为SXDF-NB1006-2的巨大星团位于距地球131亿光年处,2012年被发现时曾荣膺当时已知最古老星系(这一记录后来已被刷新数次)。在发现之初,天文学家就观测到一个电离氧形成的环,来自星系恒星的辐射能量足以将该处空间原子的电子剥离。现在,来自该星系的特殊红外波长表明这里存在失去两个电子的氧原子,研究者在《科学》(Science)网络版上做了报告。因为重于氢、氦和锂的元素,都是在恒星核聚变反应中产生,然后通过超新星爆发散布到宇宙空间中     

定性分析法在含有数值判断题分析中的作用

对含数值的判断题,先根据物理规律列出方程,然后把具体数值代入方程,用计算的结果可以做出精确的判断.一般情况下,对于含数值的判断题用计算的方法是行之有效的.但在有的情况下,所给的数值之间具有倍数关系,是巧合,还是隐藏"天机"?笔者发现,若能根据数值之间的倍数关系,采用定性     

PbWO_4晶体的光输出与能量分辨研究

研究了多种包装材料和包装工艺对钨酸铅(PbWO4)晶体光输出和能量分辨的影响,测量结果与基于GEANT4的模拟结果符合很好,并由此确定了晶体的最佳包装方法。     

讨论乙烷的稳定构象

利用Gaussian98对乙烷的两种典型构象——交叉式和重叠式进行结构几何优化、频率分析和能量计算，通过计算结果的比较分析确定其稳定构象；并对导致稳定构象原因进行简单讨论。     

小问题 大作用

习题教学是课堂教学的重要组成部分，机械式的习题教学满足于较对答案，套题型，将学生的思维引向生搬硬套；开放性的习题教学能启迪学生的思维，引导学生们从不同角度出发推敲问题（横看成岭侧成峰），从解题错误出发拷打问题（柳暗花明又一村），从联想引申出发生成问题（绿叶成阴子满枝）．一些不起眼的小问题在教师的精心设计下能释放大能量，起到大作用，有效提升学生的思维水平．     

基于仿生智能纳米孔道的先进能源转换体系

自然界中的生命体系经过40多亿年的进化,实现了对能源的高效转换、存储和利用.特别是生物膜上的各类孔道结构在其中起着重要作用.基于仿生智能纳米通道的先进能源转换体系从生物离子通道中获取与能量转换相关的启示(例如,电鳗放电、ATP合成、视网膜、紫膜等),从原理和结构上模仿生命体系中高效能量转换的某一个侧面,通过产能材料的设计和转换器件的组装,实现机械能到电能、光能到电能、光能到化学能等不同能量形式之间的转换.我们综述了目前应用人工合成的纳米尺度孔道结构进行仿生能源转换的三个热点领域:纳米流体动能-电能转换,纳米流体反向电渗析系统和基于仿生智能纳米孔道的先进能源转换体系.基于智能纳米孔道的能源转换方法摆脱了传统发电设备所必需的机械转动装置的束缚,在可以预见的范围内,仿生产能器件的效能必将超越已有人工体系,为面向未来的能源技术的创新提供了新思路,新理论和新方法.     

PbTiO3/SrTiO3(010)异质界面上的周期性失配位错及电子富集

It is important to determine the effects of misfit dislocations and other defects on the domain structure, ferroelectricity, conductivity, and other physical properties of ferroelectric thin films to understand their ferroelectric and piezoelectric behaviors. Much attention has been given to ferroelectric PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ or PbZr_0.2Ti_0.8O₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerfaces, at which improper ferroelectricity, a spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gas, and other physical phenomena have been found. However, those heterointerfaces were all (001) planes, and there has been no experimental studies on the growth of (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface due to the 6.4% misfit between two materials. In this study, we selected an atomically flat (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface grown using a two-step hydrothermal method as the research subject, and this is the first experimental report on that interface. Interfacial dislocations can play a significant role in causing dramatic changes in the Curie temperature and polarization distribution near the dislocation cores, especially when the size of a ferroelectric thin film is scaled down to the nanoscale. The results of previous studies on the effects of interfacial dislocations on the physical properties of ferroelectric thin films have been contradictory. Thus, this issue needs to be explored more deeply in the future. This study used aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to study the atomic structure of a (010) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ heterointerface and found periodic misfit dislocations with a Burgers vector of a[001]. The extra planes at the dislocation cores could relieve the misfit strain between the two materials in the [001] direction and thus allowed the growth of such an atomically sharp heterointerface. Moreover, monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy with an atomic scale spatial resolution and high energy resolution was used to explore the charge distribution near the periodic misfit dislocation cores. The fine structure of the Ti L edge was quantitatively analyzed by linearly fitting the experimental spectra recorded at various locations near and at the misfit dislocation cores with the Ti³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ reference spectra. Therefore, the accurate valence change of Ti could be determined, which corresponded to the charge distribution. The probable existence of an aggregation of electrons was found near the a[001] dislocation cores, and the density of the electrons calculated from the valence change was 0.26 electrons per unit cell. Based on an analysis of the fine structure of the oxygen K edge, it could be argued that the electrons aggregating at the dislocation cores came from the oxygen vacancies in the interior regions of the PbTiO₃. This aggregation of electrons will probably increase the electron conductivity along the dislocation line. The physics of two-dimensional charge distributions at oxide interfaces have been intensively studied, however, little attention had been given to the one-dimensional charge distribution. Therefore, the results of this study can stimulate research interest in exploring the influence of the interfacial dislocations on the physics of ferroelectric heterointerfaces.