T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素

基于液滴或气泡的多相微流控是近年来微流控技术中快速发展的重要分支之一.本文利用高速显微摄影技术和数字图像处理技术对T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素进行实验研究.实验采用添加表面活性剂的海藻酸钠水溶液作为液相,空气作为气相.研究T型微通道反应器内气液两相流型的转变过程,并根据微通道内气泡的生成频率和生成气泡的长径比对气泡流进行分类.研究发现当前的进料方式下,可以观测到气泡流和分层流2种流型,且依据气泡生成频率和微通道内气泡的长径比可将气泡流划分为分散气泡流、短弹状气泡流和长弹状气泡流3种类型,并基于受力分析确定3种气泡流的形成机制分别为剪切机制、剪切-挤压机制和挤压机制.考察不同液相黏度和表面张力系数对不同类型气泡流范围的影响规律.结果表明:液相黏度相较于表面张力系数而言,对气泡流生成范围影响更大.给出不同类型气泡流流型转变条件的无量纲关系式,实现微通道生成微气泡过程的可控操作.      

A coordinate transformation method for numerical solutions of the electric double layer and electroosmotic flows in a microchannel

The electric double layer (EDL) and electroosmotic flows (EOFs) constitute the theoretical foundations of microfluidics. Numerical solution is one of the effective means of analysis in microfluidics. In general, it is difficult to obtain an accurate numerical solution of complex EOFs because of multiphysical interactions and locally high gradients. In this paper, a new coordinate transformation method is proposed to numerically solve the Poisson–Boltzmann, Navier–Stokes and Nernst–Planck equations to study the EDL and complex EOFs in a microchannel. A series of numerical examples is presented including cases of a homogeneous, discontinous wall electric potential and a locally high wall potential. A systematic comparison of numerical solutions with and without the coordinate transformation is carried out. The numerical results indicate that the coordinate transformation effectively decreases the gradient of the electric potential, ion concentration and electroosmotic velocity in the vicinity of the solid wall, and greatly improves the stability and convergency of the solution. In a transformed coordinate system with a coarse grid, the numerical solutions can be as accurate as those in the original coordinate system with a refined grid. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Downstream pressure and elastic wall reflection of droplet flow in a T-junction microchannel

This paper discusses pressure variation on a wall during the process of liquid flow and droplet formation in a T-junction microchannel. Relevant pressure in the chan-nel, deformation of the elastic wall, and responses of the droplet generation are analyzed using a numerical method. The pressure difference between the continuous and dis-persed phases can indicate the droplet-generation period. The pressure along the channel of the droplet flow is affected by the position of droplets, droplet-generation period, and droplet escape from the outlet. The varying pressures along the channel cause a nonuniform deformation of the wall when they are elastic. The deformation is a vibration and has the same period as the droplet generation arising from the process of droplet formation.     

Influence of film thickness and cross-sectional geometry on hydrophilic microchannel condensation

Condensation in hydrophilic microchannel is strongly influenced by the channel cross-sectional geometry and the condensing surfaces hydrophobicity, which govern the evolution of the liquid film. This work makes progress on studying the relationship between channel geometry and condensation through flow regime visualizations, film-thickness measurements with optical interferometery, and temperature profile measurements with heat flux distribution construction. The hydrophilic microchannels have aspect ratios ranging from 1 to 5 and hydraulic diameters from 100 μm through 300 μm. The experimental measurement qualitatively matches the prediction of previous theoretical models accounting for the surface tension effect, which highlights the importance of surface tension force and channel geometry in the microchannel condensation. Pressure drop and mean heat flux measurements show that a larger channel is favorable for minimizing the pressure drop, while a smaller channel size and higher aspect ratio are desirable for maximizing the mean heat flux. The optimization of the channel geometry for a given application lies in the trade-off between these two factors.     

基于微机电系统的高深宽比气相微色谱柱

色谱柱的微型化是实现气相色谱仪微小型化必须要解决的关键问题之一。该文基于微机电系统技术设计制作了一种具有高深宽比微沟道的气相微色谱柱。通过COMSOL软件进行仿真分析,得出气相微色谱柱具有均匀的流速场分布。测试结果表明,该气相微色谱柱成功分离了烷烃类气体混合物及苯系物,其理论塔板数可达14028 plates/m,C7~C8的分离度最高,为10.82。这种气相微色谱柱由于具有体积小、能耗低、分离性能好等优点,可望在微小型气相色谱仪上获得应用。     

Fluid flow driven along microchannel by its upper stretching wall with electrokinetic effects

We develop a mathematical model to describe the flow in a microchannel driven by the upper stretching wall of the channel in the presence of electrokinetic effects. In this model, we avoid imposing any unphysical boundary condition, for instance, the zero electrostatic potential in the middle of the channel. Using the similarity transformation, we employ the homotopy analysis method (HAM) to get the analytical solution of the model. In our approach, the unknown pressure constant and the integral constant related to the electric potential are solved spontaneously by using the proper boundary conditions on the channel walls, which makes our model consistent with the commonly accepted models in the field of fluid mechanics. It is expected that our model can offer a general and proper way to study the flow phenomena in microchannels.     

Liquid Flow in a Porous Channel with Electrokinetic Effects

In this paper, a fully developed laminar flow in a porous channel between two paralleled flat plates in the presence of a double layer electric field is analyzed. The linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation is suggested to model the double layer electric field near the solid-liquid interface. The equation of motion is extended by including the electrical body force generating from the double layer field and then solved analytically. Different from previous models, our proposed one is continuous in the whole flow field and matches commonly-accepted models in the field of fluid mechanics. Besides, the effects of various physical parameters such as the zeta potential, the electrokinetic separation distance, and the ratio of the streaming current to conduction current on the velocity, the pressure, the apparent viscosity of the fluid, as well as the streaming potential are discussed. Physical explanations on the changing trends of those physical quantities with various parameters are given.     

门控分幅相机增益衰减特性

 分析了分幅相机增益衰减的理论模型,利用Mathematica软件模拟了增益随电脉冲传输时间指数衰减的曲线图。根据增益衰减理论,设计了测量增益衰减系数的实验。实验结果表明：分幅相机的平均增益按0.024 9 mm^-1指数衰减,电脉冲沿微带线传输的电压幅值衰减系数平均为0.003 56 mm^-1。得出实验数据中单条微带上增益并不完全符合增益指数衰减规律,而是在最后一帧图的增益有所回升,分析得出这是由电脉冲在微带末端连接处的反射引起的。经多次测量,电脉冲在微带线末端的平均值反射比为24.2％。对增益衰减状况的改善提出建议：采用良导体制作传输线,选取介质损耗小和绝缘性能好的材料作为填充介质,合理设计MCP微带线的厚度、微带宽度及微带与输出面的间距则可减小分幅相机增益的衰减。     

微光像增强器信噪比与MCP电压关系

为了揭示微通道板电压的变化对微光像增强器信噪比的影响,进一步优化像增强器的性能,分别测试出超二代和三代微光像增强器的信噪比随微通道板的电压变化曲线,前者在微通道板电压为600 V～800 V时,信噪比单调增加到25.9,在800 V～900 V时,信噪比在25上下震荡并呈下降趋势,在900 V～1 000 V时,迅速下降到21.8;而后者当MCP电压在800 V～1 000 V时,单调增加到27.87,在800 V～1 180 V时,则在26.61～28.66之间震荡.通过对微通道板噪声因子的理论分析,指出进一步降低微通道板噪声因子,改善微光像增强器信噪比的方法.     

酸蚀对微通道板电性能的影响

采用扫描电镜（SEM）、卢瑟福背散射谱（RBS）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、能量色散谱仪（EDS）、照度计、微通道板测试台等分析表征手段,从微通道板皮料玻璃表面的成分、形貌和结构上,研究了酸蚀时间对微通道板电子增益、体电阻、噪声电流和电子图像等电性能的影响。研究结果表明：酸蚀时间显著影响微通道板的电性能,经酸蚀120min后微通道板的电子增益和图像亮度达到最高值;随着酸蚀时间的增加,噪声电流相应增加,而体电阻降至一定值后保持相对的稳定。