江西“高洲石”的矿物学和谱学特征研究

印章石是我国特有的具有民族历史文化特色的艺术品, 江西“高洲石”是近年来新发现并在市场上流通的印章石品种。采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、红外光谱分析(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及差热分析(DTA)对“高洲石”的矿物学特征和谱学特征进行了系统的研究。粉晶衍射结果表明, “高洲石”的主要矿物成分为高岭石族矿物和叶蜡石, 其次含有少量的绢云母和伊利石等。其中高岭石和地开石多型可通过18°～40°(2θ)范围内一系列地开石特有的衍射峰鉴别。“高洲石”中高岭石族矿物同时出现高岭石和地开石的特征衍射峰, 主要为高岭石-地开石过渡矿物。“高洲石”主要化学成分为SiO2和Al2O3, 次要成分为Fe2O3和K2O和Na2O等, 这与高岭石族矿物的化学成分相一致。红外光谱的结果显示“高洲石”中高岭石-地开石过渡矿物在高频区一般出现3 689, 3 645和3 615 cm-1三个谱带, 其中归属于面外羟基振动的3 689 cm-1谱带和面内羟基振动的3 615 cm-1谱带强度近似相等, 部分略有变化, 其变化因含高岭石层或地开石层较多造成。扫描电镜下观察到“高洲石”中高岭石矿物的形态主要呈直径为0.5～4 μm的不规则片状或假六方板状, 与我国其他产地印石的扫描电镜特征较为相似。差热分析结果表明高岭石族矿物的脱羟吸热谷温度与其矿物种属有一定对应关系, 同时此温度还受矿物颗粒大小的影响。综合研究表明, “高洲石”的矿物类型与我国四大印石(寿山石、昌化石、青田石、巴林石)相似, 作为四大印石的替代品, “高洲石”具有广阔的市场前景。     

某复杂铝土矿中高岭石与一水硬铝石的分离方法问题研究

研究了某低品位复杂铝土矿中高岭石与一水硬铝石矿物相分离的传统选择性溶剂(HF溶液)的不适应性问题。物质组成分析指出,由于此类物料中伴生有含钠(钠长石)和含镁(铁质角闪石)等脉石类矿物,所以在用HF溶液浸取高岭石的反应过程中,与Al 3+同步进入浸出液中的Na+和Mg2+等,又与F-反应,形成NaMgAlF6·xH2O次生沉淀,且其与一水硬铝石矿物相一并留于余渣中,而直接干扰测定。因此,对H2SO4溶液作为选择性溶剂的可替代性问题进行了验证。结果表明:试样于500℃预焙烧后,用H2SO4(12mol/L)溶液沸水浴浸取分离高岭石,于余渣中测定一水硬铝石,可获得比较满意的结果。同时,对钠长石等其它含铝矿物干扰测定的校正方法问题,也进行了探讨。     

用于制备聚氨酯纳米复合物的高岭石粒子的表征

Clay such as kaolinite， is commonly used as an additive to modify the thermal properties of polymer. In this paper， the morphology， composition， shape and structure of kaolinite was characterized by various advanced techniques. The TEM/ EDX data showed that the kaolinite had a larger particle size and a Si/Al ratio of 1.8. The individual particle of kaolinite was a single crystalline. TEM also showed that these particles were always stacked together due to the presence of electrostatic cohesive energy and hydrogen bond between plaletes. The PAS-FTIR spectra showed that no absorbance of hydroxyl group for hydration water in hydrogen bond region or at 1650cm^-1 was observed at room temperature. It meant a little ability to adsorb water for kaolinite particle. Kaolinite clay also showed no change for its PAS-FTIR spectra with increasing temperature. The TGA results revealed that kaolinite almost doesn′t lose weight at 60℃ due to loss of dehydration of absorbed water， however， it will decomposed around 510℃ and lose its hydroxyl functional group in the form of water (dehydroxylation). The result is consistent with that of PAS-FTIR analysis. This suggests that the structural hydroxyl group on the surface of individual kaolinite clay particle is very stable below 500℃， and the kaolinite composed polymer could be got by the reaction of its stable structural hydroxyl group with isocynate group of polyurethane prepolymer.     

高岭石结构缺陷的 1H MAS NMR和Raman研究

The structure default of kaolinites was characterized with ¹H MAS NMR and Raman spectra. Although the HI indexes of Suzhou and Maoming kaolinite are similar, their ¹H MAS NMR and Raman spectra are very different. ¹H MAS NMR showed that the hydroxyl proton chemical shifts of Suzhou kaolinite are in the higher field and with larger different between the inner surface hydroxyls protons and inner hydroxyls proton chemical shifts than Maoming kaolinite. Raman spectra showed that the surface hydroxyls stretching vibration bands of Suzhou kaolinite are in the high frequency region, and the half height widths of the bands are 7.0～14 cm^-1. The area ratio S_z/(S_z+S_A), where S_Z and S_A are the areas of bands 3685 cm^-1 and 3695 cm^-1 respectively, is 0.23. But the surface hydroxyls stretching vibration bands of Maoming kaolinite are in the low frequency region, and the half height widths of the bands are 8.9～15.1 cm^-1. The area ratio S_z/(S_z+S_A) is 0.77. Those data proved that Suzhou kaolinite has lower structure default than Maoming kaolinite and ¹H MAS NMR and Raman spectra are effective method for study of kaolinite structure default.     

PEG在微波诱导下对高岭石插层及剥片的研究

利用微波能量，快速制备了高岭石/DMSO插层复合物，并以其为前驱体，在熔融状态，微波诱导聚乙二醇(PEG)置换出高岭石层间的DMSO，微波继续协同PEG作用，可以实现其对高岭石的剥片。同时提出了微波作用机理和微波条件下插层物对高岭石的剥片机理。采用X-射线衍射、FTIR光谱、TG-DTA、TEM等技术对插层复合物进行了表征。     

高岭石/聚丙烯酰胺插层复合物的制备与表征

The kaolinite-polyacrylamide intercalation compound was prepared first by the displacement reaction of the kaolinite-formamide intercalation precursor with 30% acrylamide ethanol solution, and then the polymerization under 140℃ for 15h with the catalysis of dibenzoyl peroxide. The XRD analyses showed that the basal spacings of kaolinite-acrylamide intercalation compound and kaolinite-polyacrylamide compound were 1.135nm and 1.144nm respectively. The kaolinite-polyacrylamide compound was able to resist to 30-min washing with water, but the kaolinite-acrylamide compound was unstable during washing. FT-IR proved that the hydrogen bonds were formed between kaolinite Si-O group and polyacrylamide NH group and between kaolinite inner surface hydroxyl and polyacrylamide C=O group, and that parts of NH group keyed into the kaolinite ditrigonal hole. TG and DTG analysis proved that kaolinite-polyacrylamide was stable under 350℃. A net weight loss of 16.63% between 370℃～500℃ is due to the removal of intercalated polyacrylamide from the interlamellar space of kaolinite. These results clearly indicate that acrylamide has been intercalated into the layers of kaolinite and was polymerized in-situ.Based on the TG data, the formula of the kaolinite-polyacrylamide intercalation compound, Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄?CH₂CHCONH₂?_0.736, can be calculated.     

黏土矿物-十六烷基三甲基氯化铵作用机理及其结构

黏土矿物有机插层复合物作为重要的功能材料现已被广泛应用于吸附、化工和环保等众多领域.采用插层法将十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)插入到黏土矿物高岭石、钠基蒙脱石和蛭石层间,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)及扫描电镜(SEM)等表征方法对插层复合物的作用机理及结构进行研究.结果表明:高岭石在经过多次"替代"插层后,层间氢键被破坏,层间作用力减弱,CTAC分子进入其层间,这引起高岭石片层由于层间的束缚力释放形成卷曲形貌.蒙脱石与蛭石以离子交换的形式与CTAC分子发生反应,该过程尚未对它们的形貌产生明显影响.此外,进一步建立了黏土矿物-CTAC插层复合物的结构模型,提出CTAC分子在高岭石和蒙脱石层间分别以35°和32°的夹角双层斜立,在蛭石层间以44°的夹角单层斜立.     

不同结晶度高岭石的带电性研究

本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和热分析(TG-DSC)等三种表征手段,对四个不同地区高岭石样品的结构特征进行了研究.结果表明,高岭石结晶度高低顺序为:淮北>大同>龙岩>清远,Hinckley结晶度指数与脱羟基温度具有较好的相关性.利用电泳仪测定了高岭石颗粒在不同pH条件下的表面电位,并且通过线性拟合pH值-电位图得到了不同结晶度高岭石的零电荷点(PZC).进一步研究得出4种高岭石具有相近的PZC,其范围为3.2～4.3.在pH=7条件下,高岭石的表面电位与Hinckley结晶度指数呈现正相关,而PZC受结晶度指数的影响不强烈.     

高岭石/甲醇复合物结构及其脱嵌动力学研究

目前对高岭石/二甲基亚砜(Kaol-DMSO)和高岭石/甲醇(Kaol-Me)复合物的研究大多局限于对其表面特征分析,鲜有对其脱嵌动力学特征研究的报道.本文在综合分析Kaol-DMSO和Kaol-Me复合物结构的基础上,重点针对其脱嵌动力学特征进行分析.结果表明:与二甲基亚砜(DMSO)分子依靠氢键结合在高岭石晶层间不同,甲醇(Me)分子是取代高岭石晶层八面体结构中Al-OH的-H形成甲氧基嫁接在晶层中.由于DMSO和Me在高岭石层间有着两种不同的存在状态,所以Kaol-Me复合物的活化能大于Kaol-DMSO插层复合物的活化能.活化能的大小反映了其结构的稳定性,据其活化能值推断Kaol-Me复合物的稳定性大于Kaol-DMSO插层复合物.     

高岭石插层效率评价

用基于X射线衍射分析(XRD)的插层率、基于热重分析(TGA)的热失重率和基于红外光谱分析(FTIR)的3 600 cm^-1谱带与3 700 cm^-1谱带强度比值对高岭石/二甲基亚砜(DMSO)插层复合物和高岭石/N-甲基甲酰胺(NMF)插层复合物的插层效率进行了综合评价。结果表明,当插层反应进行到1、6和25 d,高岭石/DMSO的插层率分别为5%、52%和89%;而高岭石/NMF的插层率则分别为93%、94%和95%。与此同时,高岭石/DMSO的热失重率分别为1.06%、8.06%和17.46%;而高岭石/NMF的失重率分别为6%、6.5%和14.2%。在红外光谱图中,高岭石/DMSO复合物的3 600与3 700 cm^-1带强度比分别为1.03,1.141和1.628,而高岭石/NMF复合物分别为1.403,1.433和1.612。3种评价方法显示很好的一致性,相对而言,在插层作用的初期,XRD方法比较灵敏,而在插层作用的后期,TGA和FTIR方法则显得更为灵敏和有效。