ZCuPb20Sn5合金耐磨性能研究

ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅合金作为柱塞泵转子内衬材料，因其含铅量高，而具有良好的减摩耐磨性能，可避免转子在工作中的磨损失效问题. 选用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机，以ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅和45钢为摩擦副，研究了不同PV值和油润滑条件下，ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅合金的摩擦磨损性能. 结果表明:随着PV值的增加，ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅合金的摩擦系数先增加后减小，而磨损率呈增加趋势. 在载荷50 N和线速度2.410 m/s条件下，摩擦系数和磨损率最低，摩擦系数最低能达到0.010，平均摩擦系数达到1个最低峰值点0.063；在载荷250 N、线速度3.610 m/s以及PV值为126 MPa·m/s的条件下，摩擦系数达到另一低峰值0.070，磨损率为2.972×10?7 mm3/(N·m). PV值最大时，摩擦系数和磨损率最大. 载荷小于150 N时，在油润滑的作用下，主要磨损机制为轻微黏着磨损；载荷大于150 N时，在铅和油的协同作用下，以黏着磨损为主，少量磨粒磨损；当载荷大于250 N时，摩擦系数与磨损率均偏高，以磨粒磨损为主，局部有少量氧化磨损.      

利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

化学工业生产中，用氢气为还原剂，通过选择性加氢可以制备多种重要化学品。5-羟甲基糠醛是重要的生物质基平台化合物，而5-甲基糠醛是用途广泛的化学品。由5-羟甲基糠醛加氢得到5-甲基糠醛是一条非常理想的路径，但是选择性活化C-OH非常困难。本文设计并制备了Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅(PVP: 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)催化剂，该催化体系巧妙地结合了位阻效应、氢溢流和催化剂界面的电子效应，系统研究了该催化剂对5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛催化性能，在最优条件下，5-甲基糠醛的选择性可达92%。利用密度泛函理论计算研究了5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛反应路径。     

固体核磁共振结合密度泛函理论计算研究SSZ-39分子筛的钠离子落位与铝分布

具有AEI结构的SSZ-39分子筛的骨架外阳离子落位和铝分布对其催化性能影响显著.AEI笼中有三个结晶学不等价位，且铝取代T位具有一定的倾向性.本文结合固体核磁共振（NMR）技术（²⁷Al/²³Na MQ MAS NMR），以及密度泛函理论（DFT）计算，研究了不同硅铝比Na-SSZ-39分子筛中的Na⁺落位和铝分布.在孤立铝分布的情况下，铝原子优先占据于T3位，Na⁺主要落位于AEI笼中的SIIa0和SIII'a0位点上，其中SIII'a0位点的优先度较高，此外少部分Na⁺还落位于六棱柱内部的SIa0.当铝对存在时，AlSiSiAl分布的铝对占据六元环的对位（T3-T3），对应的Na⁺分别落位于SIIa1和SⅢ'a1位点.随着分子筛结构的部分破坏，游离的Na⁺可能形成明显的SIII'b位点.本文可加深对SSZ-39分子筛构效关系的理解，为更好地调控催化性能奠定基础.     

SAPO-34提升铁钒基催化剂抗碱性能研究

采用浸渍法制备Fe-VO_x/SAPO-34和Fe-VO_x/TiO₂脱硝催化剂,探究SAPO-34分子筛与TiO₂两种载体负载铁钒基氧化物催化活性及抗碱性能的差异。借助X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、原位红外漫反射(in-situ DRIFTs)等表征手段对催化剂的骨架结构、表面物化性质、氧化还原能力以及对反应气体的吸脱附情况进行分析。结果表明:SAPO-34分子筛内部特定的孔道结构和稳定的骨架,有利于活性组分在载体上均匀分散,降低碱金属对表面活性中心的物理覆盖作用;同时其表面丰富的酸位点能够作为碱金属捕获位,保护催化剂表面的活性中心,保证催化剂的吸附-反应过程能够正常进行,从而使Fe-VO_x/SAPO-34表现出良好的抗碱金属能力。     

Stereoselective interactions of chiral dipeptides on amylose based chiral stationary phases

Dipeptides are stereo-specifically involved in several biological functions that are challenging to separate enantiomerically. Elution order of enantiomers is an important issue in chiral chromatography. Amylose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase(CSP) is the best and most-widely-used CSP in chiral separations, but experimental data of enantiomeric separation of dipeptides on this CSP is lacking. Simulation studies were conducted to determine the order of elution and the chiral recognition mechanism of didpetides on this CSP. Results indicated that the docking energy of SR-enantiomers were higher than SS-antipodes. The range of docking energies for SR-enantiomers was -7.44 to -5.92 kcal/mol with CSP, but -7.15 to -5.87 kcal/mol for SS-stereoisomers. Therefore it is predicted that SS-enantiomer will elute first, followed by SR-antipode. Furthermore, hydrogen bondings, van der Waal’s interactions and electrostatic interactions were observed among SR- and SSenantiomers and chiral grooves of CSP. The number of hydrogen bonds was one in each enantiomer binding except S-Ala-R-Tyr, which contained two hydrogen bonds. No hydrogen bond was found in S-Ala-R-Trp, S-Leu-S-Trp, and S-Leu-S-Tyr dipeptides bindings. The chiral recognition mechanisms dictate different strengths of stereoselective bindings of the enantiomers on CSP.     

一个高度灵敏和高选择性铝离子比率探针的合成及应用

本文构建了一种基于3-苯丙噻唑基-2-羟基-5-甲基苯甲醛的荧光探针用于检测铝离子。该荧光探针能够灵敏、高选择性地检测铝离子,并显示出颜色和强烈的荧光变化双重响应。研究结果表明,该探针对铝离子表现出非常好的荧光增强效果,检测过程中其它金属离子不会对检测结果产生明显的干扰。其比率荧光强度(I490/I567)与铝离子的浓度(0~20μmol/L)之间具有良好的线性关系,检测限低至0.5μmol/L。由于具有高效的选择性,该探针可以用于检测污染河水中的铝离子含量。     

白骨化尸体死亡时间的推断

本文分析了15具白骨化尸体标本的股骨汞(Hg),铅(Pb),镉(Cd)元素含量数据,在三年的时间内采集了3次,一共收集到45个数据。首先将这组数据看着纵向数据,利用线性随机效应混合模型、Cox随机混合效应模型进行分析,结果显示,如果对每个白骨化尸体标本建立线性模型,可以精确预测出死亡时间,而且不需要采集铅元素含量数据。混合效应模型的预测效果也很好,最大误差不会超过1个月。其次我们对数据不作任何假设,利用机器学习中随机森林方法分析数据,并利用5折交叉验证方法来判断结果的可靠性,训练集和测试集的NMSE分别为0.1205944,0.5604286,因此可以用训练出的模型来预测死亡时间。     

利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

Selective hydrogenation is a vital class of reaction. Various unsaturated functional groups in organic compounds, such as aromatic rings, alkynyl (C≡C), carbonyl (C＝O), nitro (-NO₂), and alkenyl (C＝C) groups, are typical targets in selective hydrogenation. Therefore, selectivity is a key indicator of the efficiency of a designed hydrogenation reaction. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is an important platform compound in the context of biomass conversion, and recently, the hydrogenation of HMF to produce fuels and other valuable chemicals has received significant attention. Controlling the selectivity of HMF hydrogenation is paramount because of the different reducible functional groups (C＝O, C-OH, and C＝C) in HMF. Moreover, the exploration of new routes for hydrogenating HMF to valuable chemicals is becoming attractive. 5-Methylfurfural (MF) is also an important organic compound; thus, the selective hydrogenation of HMF to MF is an essential synthetic route. However, this reaction has challenging thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, making it difficult to realize. Herein, we propose a strategy to design a highly efficient catalytic system for selective hydrogenation by exploiting the synergy between steric hindrance and hydrogen spillover. The design and preparation of the Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅ catalyst (PVP = polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Nb₂O₅ = niobium(V) oxide) were also conducted. Surprisingly, HMF could be converted to MF with 92% selectivity at 100% HMF conversion. The reaction pathway was revealed through the combination of control experiments and density functional theory calculations. Although PVP blocked HMF from accessing the surface of Pt, hydrogen (H₂) could be activated on the surface of Pt due to its small molecular size, and the activated H₂ could migrate to the surface of Nb₂O₅ through a phenomenon called H₂ spillover. The Lewis acidic surface of Nb₂O₅ could not adsorb the C＝O group but could adsorb and activate the C-OH group of HMF; therefore, when HMF was adsorbed on Nb₂O₅, the C-OH groups were hydrogenated by the spilled over H₂ to form MF. The high selectivity of this reaction was realized because of the unique combination of steric effects, hydrogen spillover, and tuning of the electronic states of the Pt and Nb₂O₅ surfaces. This new route for producing MF has great potential for practical application owing to its discovered advantages. We believe that this novel strategy can be used to design catalysts for other selective hydrogenation reactions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a significant breakthrough in selective hydrogenation, which will be of interest to researchers working on the utilization of biomass, organic synthesis, catalysis, and other related fields.      

连续流动条件下含氮Beta分子筛催化甲缩醛-异丁烯Prins反应

采用高温氨气氮化法,制备了一系列含氮Beta分子筛样品,并在连续流动条件下,考察了其催化甲缩醛与异丁烯经Prins缩合制异戊二烯的反应性能.利用XRD、 N₂吸附/脱附、元素分析、 ²⁹SiMAS NMR、 NH₃-TPD、 CO₂-TPD和TG等方法对氮化分子筛的结构、酸碱性和反应后积碳进行了表征,研究了反应条件及样品的酸碱性对反应性能的影响.结果表明,以35%甲缩醛水溶液为反应物,在320℃、 2 MPa、异丁烯与甲缩醛摩尔比为7的适宜条件下,铵型Beta为前驱体制备的催化剂对甲缩醛的转化率达99%,异戊二烯的产率达85%.氮化后少量的酸性位和较多的碱性位有利于维持甲缩醛较高的转化率、较高的异戊二烯产率及较低的反应积碳量.催化剂再生6次后仍保持75%异戊二烯产率,样品中Si―N键削弱导致酸碱性变化是再生后反应性能下降的主要原因.     

离子液体修饰对Cu/USY催化乙炔氢氯化反应性能的影响

为了提高Cu/USY催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中的催化活性,设计并成功制备了一系列离子液体修饰的分子筛负载的铜基催化剂(Cu@TPPB/USY).当铜和TPPB的百分含量均为15时,在反应温度为160℃,乙炔气体空速为120 h-1,氯化氢与乙炔的摩尔比为1.25:1的条件下,催化剂的乙炔转化率提升了1.17倍,氯乙烯选择性一直保持在98%以上.结合催化剂的傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、 N2物理吸脱附(BET)、热重分析(TG)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电镜(TEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)的表征,认为TPPB的修饰不仅可以促进催化剂中Cu物种的分散,抑制其还原和流失,还能减少催化剂表面积碳、增强Cu活性物种与载体间的相互作用力,有效地提高Cu/USY催化剂的催化活性.