Investigation of infill-patterns on mechanical response of 3D printed poly-lactic-acid

This paper presents the effect of infill patterns (IPs) on the mechanical response of 3D printed specimens by conducting the low-velocity impact test (LVI) and compression test. The poly-lactic acid (PLA, purity 98 wt% >) material has selected and printed using fused deposition modeling (FDM, speed 20 mm/s, layer height 0.2 mm, no of layers 30, extruded at 200 °C) with four different IPs: triangle, grid, quarter cubic, and tri-hexagon. The LVI test on velocity-time, energy-time and force-displacement, and the compression responses have examined and presented in this study. The LVI test was carried out to determine the penetration energy level, energy absorption capacity (toughness), stiffness, and strength of PLA porous parts (60% infill density) for implant/tissue/recyclable product applications. The results have shown that the triangular pattern has produced the highest absorbed energy in LVI test (penetration energy 7.5 J, and stiffness 668.82 N/mm) due to more sheared/contact layers’ perpendicular to impactor (hemispherical insert); while the grid pattern exhibited the highest compressive strength (72 MPa) due to more layers aligned along the compressive loading direction The SEM fracture surface image of Triangular IP has produced effective raster and layer bonding, less number of voids, more amount of circular beach markings, and absence of ratchet lines leading to possess improved mechanical properties.     

Novel floating‐type low‐energy ion gun for high‐resolution depth profiling in ultrahigh vacuum

A floating‐type low‐energy ion gun (FLIG) has been developed for high‐resolution depth profiling in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). This UHV‐FLIG allows Ar⁺ ions of primary energy down to 50 eV to be provided with high current intensity. The developed UHV‐FLIG was sufficiently compact, being ～30 cm long, to be attached to a commercial surface analytical instrument. The performance of the UHV‐FLIG was measured by attaching it to a scanning Auger electron microprobe (JAMP‐10, Jeol), the base pressure of which in the analysis chamber was ～1 × 10^?7 Pa. The vacuum condition of ～5 × 10^?6 Pa was maintained during operation of the UHV‐FLIG without a differential pumping facility. Current density ranged from 41 to 138 µA cm^?2 for Ar⁺ ions of primary energy 100–500 eV at the working distance of 50 mm. This ensures a sputtering rate of ～10 nm h^?1 with 100 eV Ar⁺ ions for Si, leading to depth profiling of high resolution in practical use. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强流电子枪电子光学性能的研究

 利用SLAC-226程序对一种工业用大功率电子加速器(450kW)的电子枪光学系统性能进行了研究。计算程序以带电粒子的洛伦兹力运动方程的相对论形式为基础，在充分考虑了空间电荷效应和电子自身产生磁场的情况下编写而成。在该程序中，网格的划分采用正方形网格；解泊松方程采用半迭代切比雪夫法；解轨迹方程采用四阶龙格 库塔法。经过对轴上电位的优化计算，得到了轴上电场的分布，电子轨迹以及阳极孔处的径迹斜率等结果，并且对外加电场与空间电荷场对束流的聚焦作用作了比较分析。计算发现，电子初始角和初始能量（对束流的）聚焦性能影响很小，二极管间距 d=58.5mm时对束流聚焦最有利。     

回旋管单阳极电子枪计算机辅助设计

 根据回旋管对电子枪的要求，采用综合法和分析法设计了该单阳极磁控注入电子枪。编制了一套大型的计算程序，利用计算机辅助设计，给出了电极形状、电子轨迹与电子注参量。计算表明，这种电子枪具有速度零散小、层流性较好、体积小等特点。该枪已用于制管实验中。由热测实验表明，它具有明显的优点，并获得了127kW的峰值功率和超过10%的效率。     

汤姆逊硬X射线源中锁模脉冲激光稳频方法

 汤姆逊硬X射线源中，光阴极微波电子枪要求触发激光脉冲与腔中微波场相位的精确时间同步。理论分析了锁模脉冲激光器相位噪声，探讨了对激光脉冲相位探测和控制的方法，并通过实验构建了激光相位抖动测量系统和锁相环稳频回路，用基频鉴相信号驱动压电陶瓷晶体改变谐振腔长，实现了从开环3.42 ps到闭环1.46 ps的均方根相位抖动的测量和控制。     

大回旋cusp电子注数值模拟

 新一代宽带、高增益、大功率回旋行波管需要新型的电子注，而大回旋cusp电子注为其实现提供了可能。对大回旋cusp电子注进行系统理论分析，建立了大回旋cusp电子注的物理模型，在理论分析基础上进行了大量数值计算和模拟优化，并对大回旋cusp电子枪设计中的影响因素进行探讨。设计出一支低速度零散、高速度比、低纹波，适用于高次谐波的高功率(54 kV, 2.7 A)cusp电子枪。     

微波电子枪外回路耦合度计算与实验研究

在热阴极微波电子枪的研制中, 为设计微波腔链与波导的耦合孔, 应用Derun Li等提出的``能量方法'进行模拟计算. 使用MAFIA计算微波电子枪第3腔与外回路馈电波导之间的耦合度, 从而设计连接波导与腔链的耦合孔, 使两者之间的耦合度满足需要. 该方法的计算结果与实验测量值的差别在10%—30%之间,满足 实际加工要求. 说明其对于驻波加速腔链与外回路耦合的设计计算是相当有效的.     

面源电子枪灯丝的热均匀性分析和设计

测试像增强器荧光屏的亮度均匀性，需要能够发射均匀电子的面源电子枪，设计面源电子枪要对灯丝各点发射的电子数量、电场分布、电子轨迹,以及均匀电子垂直轰击荧光屏几个方面进行理论分析和计算。指出在真空系统中面源电子枪灯丝的热均匀性是使灯丝各点发射的电子数量相等的先决条件，也是灯丝造型设计首先要解决的问题。在真空系统中，热辐射是影响面源电子枪灯丝各点温度的主要因素。参考相关资料，对热辐射均匀性进行了理论分析，推导出3种几何形状的热辐射公式；通过计算和比较，得出了锥状螺旋灯丝的热平衡较好的结论，为下一步电场分析和电子轨迹分析做好了准备。     

On the Computer Formulations of the Wheel/Rail Contact Problem

In this investigation, four nonlinear dynamic formulations that can be used in the analysis of the wheel/rail contact are presented, compared and their performance is evaluated. Two of these formulations employ nonlinear algebraic kinematic constraint equations to describe the contact between the wheel and the rail (constraint approach), while in the other two formulations the contact force is modeled using a compliant force element (elastic approach). The goal of the four formulations is to provide accurate nonlinear modeling of the contact between the wheel and the rail, which is crucial to the success of any computational algorithm used in the dynamic analysis of railroad vehicle systems. In the formulations based on the elastic approach, the wheel has six degrees of freedom with respect to the rail, and the normal contact forces are defined as function of the penetration using Hertzs contact theory or using assumed stiffness and damping coefficients. The first elastic method is based on a search for the contact locations using discrete nodal points. As previously presented in the literature, this method can lead to impulsive forces due to the abrupt change in the location of the contact point from one time step to the next. This difficulty is avoided in the second elastic approach in which the contact points are determined by solving a set of algebraic equations. In the formulations based on the constraint approach, on the other hand, the case of a non-conformal contact is assumed, and nonlinear kinematic contact constraint equations are used to impose the contact conditions at the position, velocity and acceleration levels. This approach leads to a model, in which the wheel has five degrees of freedom with respect to the rail. In the constraint approach, the wheel penetration and lift are not permitted, and the normal contact forces are calculated using the technique of Lagrange multipliers and the augmented form of the system dynamic equations. Two equivalent constraint formulations that employ two different solution procedures are discussed in this investigation. The first method leads to a larger system of equations by augmenting all the contact constraint equations to the dynamic equations of motion, while in the second method an embedding procedure is used to obtain a reduced system of equations from which the surface parameter accelerations are systematically eliminated. Numerical results are presented in order to examine the performance of various methods discussed in this study.     

Multiple focus formation in a Mather gun device

Along with the normally produced pulses of dI/dt, x-ray, optical emission, neutrons and ions by a Mather type plasma focus gun, one more set of pulses were observed to be generated by a low energy device at Trombay, a few 100 ns after the first set of pulses, in majority of the discharges. In a small number of discharges even three or more sets of pulses were observed. Signals from pick-up probes placed in the run down region of the device suggest formation of more than one sheath which subsequently may form more than one focus which in turn is responsible for the second and subsequent sets of pulses.