基于人工神经网络的傅里叶变换中红外光谱法对食用油油烟种类识别研究

随着餐饮业的发展,餐饮烟气已经成为某些城市三大空气污染源之一。由于餐饮烟气对人体健康威胁很大,近年来对餐饮烟气的研究愈来愈热。餐饮烟气中包含有大量食用油加热过程中裂解而产生的不饱和烃类,危害着人类健康。不同食用油裂解出来的成分以及含量有所不同,通过构建一定的分类识别数学模型,从而实现对食用油分类识别。采用自主研发的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,采集了不同食用油油烟烟气红外光谱数据。同时构建了主成分分析(PCA)分别结合概率神经网络(PNN)以及误差反向传播人工神经网络(BPANN)的分类识别算法。将两种分类识别算法对不同食用油油烟烟气的傅里叶变换红外光谱数据进行分析。通过样本数据对数学模型进行训练,将训练好的数学模型对未知光谱数据进行分析,来确定产生油烟烟气的食用油种类。实验结果表明,两种算法都能对不同的油烟种类进行较好地分类识别。在全波段识别时,识别率分别达到90.25%和97.0%。通过对烟气光谱数据的吸收波段进行分析,提取大气窗口并且具有较强可挥发性有机物(VOCs)吸收特征的波段(1 300～700 cm-1以及3 000～2 600 cm-1);将吸光度数据分成两个分离的吸收波段,两种算法在3 000～2 600 cm-1波段都有较好的识别效果,PCA-PNN算法识别率为90.25%,PCA-BPANN算法识别率为92.25%。可见,两种人工神经网络算法都能有效对食用油烟种类进行识别。     

基于原油配比混合实验的显微荧光光谱特征研究

显微荧光光谱已经成为流体包裹体系统测试分析中较为成熟的一项技术,可用于区分不同类型的原油与油包裹体,从而为研究含油气盆地的油气成藏历史提供重要依据。不同来源的原油在运聚的过程中可能会发生不同程度的混合作用,为了有效识别这一类地质过程,基于不同比例的原油配比混合实验,研究原油混合后的显微荧光光谱的具体变化特征。结果表明: 原油混源使得显微荧光光谱参数λ_max,QF-535和CIE-XY发生了非线性变化,具体表现为混源后原油的荧光光谱参数均介于两个端元油之间,混源油中某一端元油的比例越大,其荧光光谱参数越靠近这一端元油。在CIE-XY色品图中主要表现为非线性渐变的荧光颜色特征。光谱谱形的改变主要表现为谱形由“单峰型”变为“双峰型”和“三峰型”,同时主峰波长和次峰波长保留了两个端元油的信息;QF-535与混源比例可建立曲线用来定量计算两端元油的相对贡献度。综合上述荧光光谱参数和谱形的变化特征,利用原油和油包裹体的显微荧光分析,识别出东海盆地西湖凹陷A气田有三种不同类型原油充注,中间还发生了一次原油混源作用,即蓝绿色荧光原油和黄色荧光原油发生了混合,定量计算其混源程度为介于47%~55%。     

Investigation of the influence of oil film thickness on helical gear defect detection using Acoustic Emission

This paper reports an investigation into the use of Acoustic Emission (AE) for monitoring gear teeth defects under varying lubrication regimes in helical gears. The investigation used a back-to-back gearbox test-rig with oil-bath lubrication. Variation in oil film thickness was achieved by decreasing the gear metal temperature with nitrogen gas whilst the gears were in operation. Results demonstrate a clear relationship between AE activity, operating temperature and specific film thickness. In addition, results show that there are lubricating conditions that may prevent AE from identifying the presence of gear defects.     

Numerical study on the desorption processes of oil droplets inside oil-contaminated sand under cavitation micro-jets

The removal of the adsorbed oil droplet is critical to deoiling treatment of oil-bearing solid waste. Ultrasonic cavitation is regarded as an extremely useful method to assist the oil droplets desorption in the deoiling treatment. In this paper, the effects of cavitation micro-jets on the oil droplets desorption were studied. The adsorbed states of oil droplets in the oil-contaminated sand were investigated using a microscope. Three representative absorbed states of the oil droplets can be summarized as: (1) the individual oil droplet adsorbed on the particle surface (2) the clustered oil droplets adsorbed on the particle surface; (3) the oil droplet adsorbed in a gap between particles. The micro-jet generation during the bubble collapse near a rigid wall under different acoustic pressure amplitudes at an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was investigated numerically. The desorption processes of the oil droplets at the three representative absorbed states under micro-jets were also simulated subsequently. The results showed that the acoustic pressure has a great influence on the velocity of micro-jet, and the initial diameter of cavitation bubbles is significant for the cross-sectional area of micro-jets. The wall jet caused by a micro-jet impacting on the solid wall is the most important factor for the removal of the absorbed oil droplets. The oil droplet is broken by the jet impinging, and then it breaks away from the solid wall due to the shear force generated by the wall jet. In addition to a higher sound pressure, the cavitation bubble at a larger initial diameter is more important for the desorption of the clustered oil droplets. Conversely, the micro-jet generated by the cavitation bubble at a smaller initial diameter (0.1 mm) is more appropriate for the desorption of the oil droplet in a narrow or sharp-angled gap.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定山茶油中黄曲霉毒素B1

建立了山茶油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。通过对前处理方法的优化,选择了甲醇和水作为山茶油中黄曲霉毒素B1的提取溶剂,经免疫亲和柱富集浓缩后,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱进行分析,经C18色谱柱分离,在电喷雾离子化正离子模式(ESI+)及多反应监测模式(MRM)下进行测定,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。在优化条件下,该方法线性范围为0.4～6.4μg/L,相关系数r2>0.998,最低检出限为0.026μg/kg,在添加水平为0.008,0.016和0.032μg时,方法回收率在85.9%～93.8%之间;相对标准偏差为1.8%～5.0%。方法可满足山茶油中黄曲霉毒素B1的检测要求。     

高效液相色谱法测定巴豆油中佛波醇

建立巴豆油中佛波醇（Phorbol）的含量测定方法。用HPLC测定水解后佛波醇的含量,并通过正交法优化巴豆油水解条件。采用Kromasil C₈（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇:水=20:80.流速为1.0mL/min.柱温为25℃,检测波长为234nm。在46.8—468μg/mL范围内佛波醇浓度与峰面积线性关系良好.回归方程为y=9820.8x+50238,r=0.9999;回收率为93.16%,RSD为2.73%。巴豆油的优化水解条件:温度20℃,料液比1:8（mL/mL）,水解3h,此条件下佛波醇的产率最高,平均产率为2.41%。所建方法易于操作、结果稳定、重现性好,可用于巴豆油中佛波醇的含量测定。     

进口原油、天然气检验监管的安全、环保和反欺诈技术

讨论了进口原油和天然气检验监管工作、包括科研工作重点应该转移到从安全、环保、卫生、反欺诈等方面把好国门的必要性和紧迫性。提出了加快研制和开发现场、快速、高通量检测仪器、装置和传感器等建议。     

The role of analytical chemistry in Niger Delta petroleum exploration: A review

Petroleum and organic matter from which the petroleum is derived are composed of organic compounds with some trace elements. These compounds give an insight into the origin, thermal maturity and paleoenvironmental history of petroleum, which are essential elements in petroleum exploration. The main tool to acquire the geochemical data is analytical techniques. Due to progress in the development of new analytical techniques, many hitherto petroleum exploration problems have been resolved. Analytical chemistry has played a significant role in the development of petroleum resources of Niger Delta. Various analytical techniques that have aided the success of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta are discussed. The analytical techniques that have helped to understand the petroleum system of the basin are also described. Recent and emerging analytical methodologies including green analytical methods as applicable to petroleum exploration particularly Niger Delta petroleum province are discussed in this paper. Analytical chemistry is an invaluable tool in finding the Niger Delta oils.     

Determination of oil reservoir radiotracer (SCN) in a single step using a plastic scintillator extractive resin

The analysis of radiotracers is important in the study of oil reservoir dynamics. One of the most widely used radiotracer is S¹⁴CN⁻. Prior to activity measurements by Liquid Scintillation (LS), routine determinations require the pretreatment steps of purification and concentration of the samples using anion exchange columns. The final elution media produces samples with high salt concentration that may lead to problems with phase separation during the LS measurement. Plastic Scintillation (PS) is an alternative technique that provides a solid surface that can be used as a platform for the immobilisation of selective extractants to obtain a PS resin. The proposed procedure unifies chemical separation and sample measurement preparation in a single step, serving to reduce the number of reagents needed and manpower required for the analysis while also avoiding mixed waste production by LS.     

Solid Phase Extraction and QuEChERS Sample Preparation Methods for Rapid Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Avian Blood and Egg Tissue by UPLC-UV

This article reports modern and effective sample preparations designed for rapid screening of large number of samples of avian blood utilizing liquid–liquid extraction and egg using QuEChERS techniques. A UPLC-UV methodology for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the afore mentioned matrices was developed based on samples associated with the Gulf of Mexico after the Deep Water Horizon oil spill. Both sample preparation methods provided comparable recovery results for 15 EPA priority pollutants PAHs. A UPLC system equipped with photo-diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometer was utilized for the quantification and confirmation of the analytes, respectively. The surrogate compound, naphthalene-d8, was used to monitor the extraction efficiency and chrysene-d12 as the quantitative internal standard. The recoveries of the analytes in the quality control (QC) samples were 65–110% with surrogate recoveries greater than 80%, whereas for the avian egg tissue recoveries were 43–100% and greater than 80% for the quality control (QC) samples and surrogate, respectively.