Improved detection limit for ammonium/ammonia achieved by Berthelot's reaction by use of solid-phase extraction coupled to diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

The proposed procedure is based on the extraction of the indothylmol blue into C₁₈ solid-phase extraction (SPE) membranes and direct quantification on the membrane surface by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The analytical performance of the proposed method has been evaluated for standard solutions of ammonium using reflectance values, R, as well as the Kubelka-Munk function, F(R). The results have been compared with those obtained by the conventional method, which uses UV-vis absorption spectroscopy with a sensor-based method. The described methodology provided satisfactory linearity and reproducibility within the ammonium concentration intervals 25-250 μg L⁻¹ and 25-500 μg L⁻¹ when using R and F(R), respectively. The limit of detection was around 10 μg L⁻¹, which is markedly lower than that of the classical procedure and than those provided by Nessler and OPA/thiol fluorimetric methods. For air samples the linear interval expressed as μg of ammonia is 0.24-2.4 or 0.24-4.7 employing R or F(R), respectively. The effect of potential interferences such as metals and aliphatic amines has also been evaluated. Finally, the proposed methodology has been adapted to the determination of ammonia in air and water samples. The method can be also used as a detector support for visual estimation.     

反射光谱法直接测定沉淀物研究

报道一种新的分析方法－反射光谱法直接测定沉物。探讨了该方法的基本原理，影响因素及测定条件。该方法直接测定沉物快速，简便。应用于污水及土壤样品中微量汞（Ⅱ）的测定，结果满意。     

The photochromic effect of bismuth vanadate pigments. Part I: Synthesis, characterization and lightfastness of pigment coatings

We report on investigations of the photochromic effect of BiVO₄ pigments. Emphasis is placed on an approach widely used in industrial color testing. By means of colorimetry ΔE_ab^*-values, which measure the perceived color difference, can be calculated from reflectance spectra of non-illuminated and illuminated pigment coatings. Pigments were prepared by either wet-chemical precipitation or solid-state reactions. Depending on the choice of starting compounds, lightfastness was found to vary significantly. Small amounts of impurity phases do not seem to affect photochromism. In contrast, impurities like Fe and Pb cause intense photochromism. The role of Fe is suggested by trace analyses, which (in case of pigments synthesized by precipitation reactions) reveal a correlation between concentration and ΔE_ab^*. Indications are found that other effects like pigment-lacquer interactions might also be of importance. Difference reflectance spectra turn out to vary in shape depending on the type and concentration of impurities or dopants. For BiVO₄ at least three different mechanisms of photochromism can be assumed.     

超低空状态下海面激光后向散射测量与仿真

海面的激光散射特性是制约激光雷达对低空飞行器进行探测与识别的关键因素之一.模拟超低空状态,通过人工造渡池模拟不同海情的海面,采用激光散射测量装置在典型海情下近距离海面获取了激光后向散射数据;采用网格化分割海面,根据Pierson-Moscowitz谱构建了三维时变海面几何模型,利用Torrance-Sparrow模型模拟分析海面的近距离激光后向散射特性.测量和仿真数据表明:实测与仿真结果一致,海面的激光散射受海面几何波形调制;其强度随擦地角增大而增大;由于海面的随机起伏,海面散射极大值存在较大范围波动,并且波动随擦地角减小而增大.     

衰减全反射红外光谱法无损检验喷墨打印文件的油墨

利用傅里叶红外变换光谱中的衰减全反射（水平-ATR）技术无损测定了喷墨打印文件常用的惠普（Hp）、佳能（Canon）、爱普生（Epson）三大品牌特定油墨及其相应替代油墨,根据其红外光谱的特征吸收,可将这3种油墨及其替代油墨加以区分鉴定,该方法对样品进行无损检验,为喷墨打印油墨的种类识别提供了一种快速、准确、适用的鉴定方法。     

CO_2探测仪星上定标铝漫反射板的制备与试验

为了研制CO2探测仪定标漫反射板,采用物理研磨和化学腐蚀相结合的工艺方法制作了铝漫反射板试验样块,搭建了相对双向反射分布函数和半球反射率的测试装置。在0°和45°入射光的情况下,对可见近红外波段的测试结果表明：表面粗糙度影响铝漫反射板的朗伯特性,240#研磨砂制作的漫射板的朗伯特性最佳;化学腐蚀不仅能提高铝漫反射板的朗伯特性,也能提高铝漫反射板的半球反射率。当选取碱蚀温度为室温20℃、NaOH溶液浓度为52.6 g/L时,最佳腐蚀时间约为4 min;镀膜使铝漫反射板的半球反射率平均提高20%,但会使其朗伯特性稍变差;不同波长处铝漫反射板的相对双向反射分布函数略有不同,但变化趋势相同。实验确定了影响漫反射板漫反射特性的关键参数,并定量优化了这些工艺参数,为进一步研制CO2探测仪星上定标漫反射板提供了依据。     

UV-Vis-NIR反射光谱表征粉体材料的能隙值的方法

运用涂膜法和UV-Vis-NIR反射光谱,提出了表征粉体材料能隙值的新方法。结果表明,当Vcoloed/VTiO2（有色粉体与钛白的体积比）小于5%时,通过反射光谱可得到表征材料在该波段吸波特性的Kubellka-Munk函数F,即F=（1-R∞）2/2R∞（R∞是涂层无限厚时的反射率）。将Kubellka-Munk函数F对波长（以电子伏特表示）作图,就可以得到表征材料能隙值的曲线。该方法操作简单,节省原料,同时由于去除了有色粉体粒子间的相互干扰,在实际研究中具有普遍性。     

A new label dosimetry system based on pentacosa-diynoic acid monomer for low dose applications

The dosimetric characteristics of γ-radiation sensitive labels based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and a conjugated diacetylene monomer, 10,12-pentacosa-diynoic acid (PCDA) have been investigated using reflectance colorimeter. Two types of labels (colourless and yellow) based on PCDA monomer were prepared using an Automatic Film Applicator System. Upon γ-ray exposure, the colourless label turns progressively blue, while the yellow colour label turns to green then to dark blue. The colour intensity of the labels is proportional to the radiation absorbed dose. The useful dose range was 15 Gy-2 kGy depending on PCDA monomer concentration. The expanded uncertainty of dose measurement of the colourless label was 6.06 (2σ).     

基于F-P腔干涉的膜片式光纤微机电系统压力传感器

基于法布里-帕罗腔的干涉原理,采用微机电系统技术加工制作了一种光纤微机电系统压力传感器.采用浓硼扩散自停止腐蚀和磁控溅射的方法,制备厚度为6 μm、机械灵敏度为0.502 μm/MPa的传感器敏感膜.基于强度解调技术,利用干涉腔的反射功率与压力的关系对压力进行解调.分析了腔长变化对反射率的影响,确定传感器线性工作点的波长,建立稳定的压力传感测试系统.测试结果表明,该传感器压强最小分辨率为62 Pa,灵敏度达到0.51 nW/KPa,具有良好的线性度、灵敏度和重复性,适用于人体内压力测量和口腔义齿压力测量.     

高光谱溢油检测中云背景抑制方法研究

针对高光谱图像溢油检测过程中云背景的干扰问题,提出一种高光谱场景云背景抑制方法.首先,分析了海面溢油的光谱反射率特性,根据海面溢油中C-H键的光谱特征,介绍了基于伪彩图像的溢油检测方法.其次,比较了高光谱场景中海水、溢油和云背景的辐射特性,依据云背景辐射特性的特点,设计了一种新的云背景辐射光谱特征提取模型,在此基础上,进一步考虑云、海面与溢油的差异,选取云辐射最大的波段图像,结合云背景辐射光谱特征生成云背景抑制图.最后,将云背景抑制图与溢油伪彩图像相乘,得到云背景抑制结果.将本文提出的方法应用于实际墨西哥湾Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer高光谱遥感影像的海面溢油的检测,结果表明本文提出的方法能够在不影响溢油检测条件下,有效地消除高光谱溢油检测过程中云背景的影响.