Dynamic fracture testing of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) single-edge notched beam

Dynamic fracture in single-edge notched polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) beams have been investigated by three-point-bending impact testing with a drop-weight machine. A high-speed camera combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) method is used to capture the impact-induced crack initiation and propagation, as well as the beam deformation fields and the open mode strain at the original notch tip. The crack propagation length is recorded and the instantaneous crack velocity is calculated. Furthermore, the dynamic fracture toughness K_Id is quantified from the loading-displacement relations at different impact velocities. The effects of the impact velocity and impact energy on dynamic fracture toughness, fracture initiation strain, as well as the corresponding influences on the fracture propagation velocity, are discussed.     

Surface Activation of Poly(Methyl methacrylate) by Plasma Treatment: Stable Antibody Immobilization for Microfluidic Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

With the aim of obtaining stable antibody immobilization on the poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA channel surface, PMMA substrates were activated with O₂ plasma treatment to introduce surface polar groups on it. The plasma-treated PMMA surfaces were characterized using water contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was observed that plasma treatment significantly improved the surface wettability with changing surface chemistry and topography. The strategy of immobilization of a model antibody, anti-goat IgG on plasma-treated PMMA involved two steps. First the plasma-treated PMMA was functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)thriethoxy silane, APTES off-chip which facilitated covalent capturing of antibody via a crosslinking agent in the inner surface of PMMA channel in the second step. The antibody immobilization on plasma-treated PMMA was also confirmed using AFM, XPS, and fluorescence microscopy. The anti-IgG covalently captured on channel surface was evaluated with sandwich ELISA protocol on-chip using fluorescence microscopy. The observed results demonstrate that this technique could be extended to integrate the current diagnostic techniques into the plastic chip for important biomarker diagnosis.     

Plasma Treatment of Polymers

Abstract

Plasma treatment of polymers encompasses a variety of plasma technologies and polymeric materials for a wide range of applications and dates back to at least the 1960s. In this article we provide a brief review of the United States patent literature on plasma surface modification technologies and a brief review of the scientific literature on investigations of the effects of plasma treatment, the nature of the plasma environment, and the mechanisms that drive the plasma–surface interaction. We then discuss low‐radio‐frequency capacitively coupled nitrogen plasmas and their characteristics, suggesting that they provide significant plasma densities and populations of reactive species for effective plasma treatments on a variety of materials, particularly when placing the sample surface in the cathode sheath region. We further discuss surface chemical characterization of treated polymers, including some results on polyesters treated in capacitively coupled nitrogen plasmas driven at 40 kHz. Finally, we connect plasma characterization with surface chemical analysis by applying a surface sites model to nitrogen uptake of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) treated in a 40 kHz nitrogen plasma. This example serves to suggest an interesting practical approach to comparisons of plasma treatments. In addition, it suggests an approach to defining the investigations required to conclusively identify the underlying treatment mechanisms.     

Transient analysis on surface heated piezoelectric semiconductor plate lying on rigid substrate

Based on the thermo-electro-elastic coupling theory, the mathematical model for a surface heated piezoelectric semiconductor (PS) plate is developed in the time domain. Applying the direct and inverse Laplace transformations to the established model, the mechanical and electrical responses are investigated. The comparison between the analytical solution and the finite element method (FEM) is conducted, which illustrates the validity of the derivation. The calculated results show that the maximum values of the mechanical and electrical fields appear at the heating surface. Importantly, the perturbation carriers tend to concentrate in the zone near the heating surface under the given boundary conditions. It can also be observed that the heating induced elastic wave leads to jumps for the electric potential and perturbation carrier density at the wavefront. When the thermal relaxation time is introduced, all the field quantities become smaller because of the thermal lagging effect. Meanwhile, it can be found that the thermal relaxation time can describe the smooth variation at the jump position. Besides, for a plate with P-N junction, the effect of the interface position on the electrical response is studied. The effects of the initial carrier density on the electrical properties are discussed in detail. The conclusions in this article can be the guidance for the design of PS devices serving in thermal environment.     

ESR studies in γ‐irradiated and PS‐radiation‐grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride)

The fluoropolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) was irradiated with γ rays to induce a polystyrene (PS) radiation grafting via an indirect method. Electron spin resonance and Fourier transform infrared studies were performed to identify the species that initiated the PS grafting. Specific experiments were performed to prove separately the importance of each kind of radical. A localization of the radicals in this irradiated polymer is proposed, and a kinetic model of the grafting is given. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1437–1448, 2001     

高聚物PMMA的受力变形行为与粘弹－塑性本构理论模型

对高聚物ＰＭＭＡ实验测定了不同（Ｔ，ε）的单轴加卸载循环的应力－应变曲线。讨论了应力促进热激活塑性变形的活化粘壶理论和塑性变形的发展规律。提出由ＳＬＳ或ＭＳ与活化粘壶作串联耦合的粘弹－塑性本构理论模型，给出了微分和积分形式的本构方程组，用于拟合求解加卸载循环的应力－应变曲线，获得良好吻合的结果。详细讨论了ＰＭＭＡ在加载过程中的受力变形行为，包括起始加载的粘弹性变形，ε＿ｖ和ε＿ｐ的互相挤占，屈服点，以及屈服后应变软化和硬化的抗衡过程。对应变软化－硬化效应提出一种新的起因于粘弹变形内禀滞后效应的理论解释，并定名为粘弹软化－强化效应。对所包含的粘弹变形成分，从Ｅ＿ｖ的移位因子和归一化应力－应变主曲线两方面，讨论了可能存在的率温等效关系。     

Influence of ligands on the photoluminescent properties of Eu in europium β-diketonate/PMMA-doped systems

Three kinds of europium β-diketonates Eu(DBM)₃, Eu(BA)₃ and Eu(TTA)₃ (DBM: Dibenzoylmethane; BA: 1-Benzoylacetone; TTA: Thenoyltrifluoroacetone) were doped in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The doped systems were studied by using photoluminescent (PL) spectroscopy, emission decay experiments and X-ray diffractometry. Eu(III) ions in the doped Eu(DBM)₃/PMMA systems have two distinct symmetric sites and the emission band changes greatly with the compositions. Eu(III) in the Eu(BA)₃/PMMA systems gives only one symmetric site in the doped systems and the emission band changes slightly with the compositions. Although two distinct symmetric sites of Eu(III) can be distinguished in the doped systems of Eu(TTA)₃/PMMA, the two sites have similar ⁵D₀ lifetimes and the luminescent spectra almost do not change with the compositions. XRD reveals that crystallites were formed in the doped Eu(DBM)₃/PMMA systems that have different crystalline structure from that of the chelate, and Eu(BA)₃ and Eu(TTA)₃ exist in amorphous state in the doped systems. The difference between the PL properties and structures of the doped systems for the three kinds of chelates should be attributed to different interactions between the chelate molecules and between the chelate and PMMA.     

83 K光系统Ⅱ核心复合物不同激发的荧光光谱学

在83 K低温下,利用稳态荧光光谱技术对光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）核心复合物中激发能的传递进行了研究,激励波长分别选择为436 nm,480 nm,495 nm和507 nm,得到4种波长激发下的稳态荧光光谱.经过比较发现其最大峰值所在的位置没有因激发波长的不同而发生改变,都在696 nm处,在不同激发波长下经过高斯解析获得不同的谱带.根据发射光谱与吸收光谱的对应性,反映了不同的光谱特性,说明在不同波长光的激发下,核心复合物中能量传递的途径不同.同时,可以分析出在核心复合物中,至少有Chl a670.4670,Chl a684.7,685.1683,Chl a689.0687,Chl a690.9,693.4,695.2,698.06904种Chl a组分参与了能量的传递.     

Photoluminescence and optical absorption properties of polymer modified carbon nanotubes

Polymethyl methacrylate modified carbon nanotubes were prepared using γ radiation, and the modified carbon nanotubes exhibited strong luminescence (∼ ∼568 nm) at room temperature and an absorption peak at ∼ ∼247 nm can be observed in the polymer modified samples.     

Investigations on Pd:SnO2/porous silicon structures for sensing LPG and NO2 gas

P-type porous silicon (PS) structure has been prepared by anodic electrochemical etching process under optimized conditions. Photoluminescence studies of the PS structure show emission at longer wavelengths (red) for the excitation at 365 nm. Scanning electron microscope investigations of the PS surface confirm the formation of uniform porous structure, and the pore diameter have been estimated as 25 μm. Pd:SnO₂/PS/p-Si heterojunction with top gold ohmic contact developed by conventional methods has been used as the sensor device. Sensing properties of the device towards liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and NO₂ gas have been investigated in an indigenously developed sensor test rig. The response and recovery characteristics of the sensor device at different operating temperatures show short response time for LPG. From the studies, maximum sensitivity and optimum operating temperature of the device towards LPG and NO₂ gas sensing has been estimated as 69% at 180 °C and 52% at 220 °C, respectively. The developed sensor device shows a short response time of 25 and 57 s for sensing LPG and NO₂ gases, respectively. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Ionic Devices (ICID 2006), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, Dec. 7–9, 2006.