Nanoscale highly filled epoxy nanocomposite

A new technique has been developed to prepare a highly filled epoxy-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite using an organically modified MMT. Composites with clay content up to 70 wt.% exhibit unusual transparency, which is related to the spatial distribution of the mineral nanodomains. Dispersion of the layered silicate within the crosslinked epoxy matrix was verified using X-ray diffraction pattern, revealing layer spacings of 30 and 70 Å. Examination of these materials by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that intercalates have wholly layered morphology at all scales, oriented parallel to the surface of the specimen and have good wetting to the silicate surface by the epoxy matrix. Silicate lamellae intercalated with epoxy resin assembled into a cluster of about 50-120 nm thickness. These clusters assembled into superclusters with an average thickness of 300 nm. Studies by the Vickers hardness test of an epoxy-MMT nanocomposite containing 60 wt.% MMT indicated that the diamond pyramid hardness was 10-29 kg/mm².     

双电层相互重叠时蒙脱胶体表面阴离子的负吸附

本文用Ag-AgCl电极判断平衡,测定双电层处于不同重叠程度下肢体表面阴离子的负吸附量Γ.结果表明,胶体表面双电层相互重叠程度可由两胶体表面间的中点电位φd与外Helmhotz面处的电位φd之比表征;阴离子负吸附随双电层重叠程度和电解质浓度的增加而显著减小.     

Acid activated montmorillonite and vermiculite clays as dehydration and cracking catalysts

Treatment of montmorillonite and vermiculite with hydrochloric acid results in an overall increase in acidity and acidic sites. IR and DSC studies of base adsorbed catalysts have revealed the heterogeneity of surface acidity on the activated catalysts. Clay catalysts have been found to dehydrate 1-butanol to 1-butene, which directly isomerizes tocis- andtrans-2-butenes, confirming the presence of Lewis and Brönsted acid sites. Cumene cracking studies using the clay catalyst also confirm the presence of Brönsted acid sites. The temperature and concentration of acid have been found to have a significant influence on the catalytic activity.     

蒙脱石-石墨-聚氯乙烯复合电极测定制药废水中苯酚

报道了当制药废水PH8．0时，用蒙脱石－石墨－聚氯乙烯复合电极可以直接测定苯酚的含量而不受水杨酸存在的干扰，苯酚浓度在1．0μg/mL-25.0μg/mL范围内峰电流与浓度有良好的线性关系，I＝1．262c-0.046，相关系数r=0.998，检出限为0．1μg/mL，用该方法测定模拟制药废水中苯酚，其平均回收率为101．7％。     

Preparation and characterization of poly(propylene carbonate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites by solution intercalation

Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) is a new biodegradable aliphatic polycarbonate. However, the poor thermal stability and low glass transition temperatures (T_g) have limited its applications. To improve the thermal properties of PPC, organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) was mixed with PPC by a solution intercalation method to produce nanocomposites. An intercalated-and-flocculated structure of PPC/OMMT nanocomposites was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal and mechanical properties of PPC/OMMT nanocomposites were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and electronic tensile tester. Due to the nanometer-sized dispersion of layered silicate in polymer matrix, PPC/OMMT nanocomposites exhibit improved thermal and mechanical properties than pure PPC. When the OMMT content is 4 wt%, the PPC/OMMT nanocomposite shows the best thermal and mechanical properties. These results indicate that nanocomposition is an efficient and convenient method to improve the properties of PPC.     

Colloidal forces between bitumen surfaces in aqueous solutions measured with atomic force microscope

Colloidal forces between bitumen surfaces in aqueous solutions were measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed a significant impact of solution pH, salinity, calcium and montmorillonite clay addition on both long-range (non-contact) and adhesion (pull-off) forces. Weaker long-range repulsive forces were observed under conditions of lower solution pH, higher salinity and higher calcium concentration. Lower solution pH, salinity and calcium concentration resulted in a stronger adhesion forces. The addition of montmorillonite clays increased long-range repulsive forces and decreased adhesion forces, particularly when co-added with calcium ions. The measured force profiles were fitted with extended DLVO theory to show the repulsive electrostatic double layer and attractive hydrophobic forces being the dominant components in the long-range forces between the bitumen surfaces. At a very short separation distance (less than 4–6 nm), a strong repulsion of steric origin was observed. The findings provide a fundamental understanding of bitumen emulsion stability and a mechanism of bitumen “aeration” in bitumen recovery processes from oil sands.     

有机阳离子[C18mim]＋在蒙脱土层间的物理化学吸附与聚集状态*

咪唑基离子液体(N鄄十八烷基鄄N忆鄄甲基溴化咪唑盐[C18mim]Br)中的[C18mim]+可以通过离子交换反应进入蒙脱土层间.本文用TGA、FTIR和XRD 研究了[C18mim]+在蒙脱土层间的物理和化学吸附及其聚集状态. 研究结果表明, 蒙脱土存在着饱和的化学吸附量, 其总吸附量随物理吸附量的增加而增加；随着[C18mim]+在蒙脱土层间吸附量的增加, 其聚集态结构的有序性增加, 并伴有分子链的构象变化,导致层间距的增加.     

Structure and mechanical properties of poly(l-lactide)/layered silicate nanocomposites

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) masterbatches with the intercalated and the exfoliated morphology were prepared by ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone in the presence of organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) Cloisite 30B. Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) nanocomposites with Cloisite 30B or PCL masterbatches were prepared by melt blending. The effects of the silicate type, MMT content and the nanocomposite morphology on thermal and mechanical properties of PLLA nanocomposites were examined. The montmorillonite particles in PLLA/Cloisite 30B and PLLA/intercalated masterbatch nanocomposites were intercalated. In contrary to expectations, the exfoliated silicate layers of exfoliated masterbatch were not transferred into the PLLA matrix. Due to a low miscibility of PCL and PLLA, MMT remained in the phase-separated masterbatch domains. The stress-strain characteristics of PLLA nanocomposites, Young modulus E, yield stress σ_y and yield strain ε_y, decreased with increasing MMT concentration, which is associated with the increase in PCL content. The expected stiffening effect of MMT was low due to a low aspect ratio of its particles and was obscured by both plastifying effects of PCL and low PLLA crystallinity. Interestingly, in contrast to the neat PLLA, ductility was enhanced in all PLLA/Cloisite 30B materials and in PLLA/masterbatch nanocomposites with low MMT concentrations.     

原位插层聚合制备聚丁二烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结构与性能研究

聚合物 /粘土纳米复合材料由于具有常规复合材料所没有的结构、形态及更优异的力学、热学、阻燃、阻隔等性能 ,自 1 987由日本丰田公司首次报道了制备尼龙 6 粘土纳米复合材料以来 ,立刻引起人们的普遍关注[1～ 17] .目前报道的聚合物 /粘土纳米复合材料主要集中在以树脂为基体 ,例如 ,聚酰胺[1～ 4] 、聚苯乙烯[5～ 8] 、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯[9,10 ] 、聚丙烯[11,12 ] 等 .制备以橡胶为基体的橡胶/粘土纳米复合材料研究较少 ,采用的方法多为通过橡胶大分子插层 ,如熔融插层法[1 3] 、溶液插层法[14 ] 、乳液法[15,16] 等 ,这些方法均存在插层…     

Highly sensitive voltammetric biosensor for nitric oxide based on its high affinity with hemoglobin

Although heme protein-based, amperometric nitric oxide (NO) biosensors have been well documented in previous studies, most have been conducted in anaerobic conditions. Herein we report a novel hemoglobin-based NO biosensor that is not only very sensitive but also usable in air. The heme protein was entrapped in a sodium montmorillonite film, which was immobilized at a pyrolytic graphite electrode surface. Film-entrapped hemoglobin can directly exchange electrons with the electrode, and this process has proven to favor the catalytic reduction of oxygen. In addition, NO induced a cathodic potential shift of the catalytic reduction peak of oxygen. This potential shift was proportional to the logarithm of NO concentration ranging from 4.0 × 10⁻¹¹ to 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L. The detection limit has been estimated to be 20 pM, approximately four orders lower than previously reported amperometric detectors.