Simultaneous Determination of Triptolide and Tripdiolide in Extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. by LC–APCI-MS

A novel method using liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the negative selected ion monitoring mode has been developed and validated for rapid simultaneous determination of triptolide and tripdiolide in the extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. The molecular ions m/z [M–H]⁻ 359 and 375 were selected for the quantification in selected ion monitoring mode for triptolide and tripdiolide. Standard calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.12–24 and 0.15–30 μg mL⁻¹ for triptolide and tripdiolide. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day were in the range of 4.7–9.9 and 8.9–12.6%. The average recoveries were between 96.4 and 104.6%. The limits of quantitation were 2.0 × 10⁻³ and 2.5 × 10⁻³ μg mL⁻¹ for triptolide and tripdiolide.     

Quantum chemical studies on electrophilic addition

The geometries of the 2-chloroethyl and ethylenechloronium cations, two possible intermediates in the electrophilic addition of chlorine to ethylene, have been fully optimized using ab initio molecular orbital calculations employing the split valence shell 4-31G basis set.These geometries were then used to compute more accurate wave functions using Dunning's double-zeta basis set. The bridged chloronium ion was found to be more stable by 9.35 kcal/mole, the opposite order of stability from the C₂H₄F⁺ ions. Interconversion of the two C₂H₄Cl⁺ cations was computed to have a barrier of 6.25 kcal/mole.The activation energy for this chlorination reaction, using the ethylenechloronium cation and a chlorine anion at infinite separation as the model for the activated complex, was computed to be 128.7 kcal/mole, showing that this is not a feasible gas phase reaction.     

Band splitting in overloaded isocratic elution chromatography I. The experimental evidence

A series of samples of increasing volume (from 0.001 to 4.0 cm3), containing the same constant concentration (40 g/l) of two simple compounds, ethylbenzoate and 4-tert.-butylphenol were injected on a Kromasil-C18 column with methanol-water (62:38. v/v) as the mobile phase. Complex band profiles were observed when the volume of the sample became large enough and strong band interference took place. The analysis of the fractions collected during the elution of the mixed band demonstrates that, for samples larger than 2 cm3, the band of 4-tert.-butylphenol is split into two separate bands, one eluted before and the other eluted after the band of ethylbenzoate. Such a phenomenon has never been observed yet in RPLC, under isocratic elution conditions.     

Theoretical Study of the Low-Lying Excited States of Butoxy Radicals and Non-Radiative Decay Routes

The potential energy surfaces for the butoxy radical dissociation into R·＋O on the six low-lying electronic states have been determined with the combined CASSCF and MR-CI methods. The isomerization reactions between the different conformers of 1- and 2-butoxy radicals at the X and B states have been also investigated with the MP2, B3LYP, and CASSCF methods. The non-radiative decay mechanisms of butoxy radicals at the B state have been characterized with the computed potential energy surfaces and intersections. Supported by recent LIF experimental results, it was predicted that the t-butoxy radical would predissociate via the B/C intersection. As to 1- and 2-butoxy radicals, the relative energies of the transition states for the isomerization reactions between conformers at the B state are much lower than those of the B/C intersections, resulting in the predominance of the isomerization in the decay of the B state for 1- and 2-butoxy radicals.     

Influence of surface structure on surface analytical statements

The influence of surface structure of technical materials on results and statements of surface analytical methods has been investigated. Especially surface roughness as a typical property of rolled products has been observed. For this purpose samples of steel (technical surface, roughness up to 5 m) and silicon wafers (polished surface) have been analyzed by SNMS and GDOS in order to get information about changes of the surface roughness as function of the sputtering time and their influence on the statements about the depth profiles obtained.     

Development of a stabilized low temperature infrared absorption cell for use in low temperature and collisional cooling experiments

We have constructed a stabilized low temperature infrared absorption cell cooled by an open cycle refrigerator, which can run with liquid nitrogen from 250 to 80K or with liquid helium from 80K to a few kelvin. Several CO infrared spectra were recorded at low temperature using a tunable diode laser spectrometer. These spectra were analyzed taking into account the detailed effects of collisions on the line profile when the pressure increases. We also recorded spectra at very low pressure to accurately model the diode laser emission. Spectra of the R(2) line in the fundamental band of 13CO cooled by collisions with helium buffer gas at 10.5K and at pressures near 1 Torr have been recorded. The He-pressure broadening parameter (gamma(0) = 0.3 cm(-1) atm(-1)) has been derived from the simultaneous analysis of four spectra at different pressures.     

“受阻路易斯酸碱对”催化的2,3-二取代2H-1,4-苯并噁嗪氢化反应机理研究

在受阻路易斯酸碱对（FLPs）催化的2，3-二取代2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪氢化反应中，3号位取代基不同会导致反应效率极大改变，因此我们选取反应活性具有较大差别的三种底物作为模型化合物对其反应机理进行了研究，建立了氢化反应势能面.发现当B（C₆F₅）₃与2，3-二苯基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪或2-甲基-3-苯基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后，会形成FLPs与路易斯酸碱加合物的混合物.而将B（C₆F₅）₃与2，3-二甲基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后主要形成没有催化活性的路易斯酸碱加合物，因其能量低于FLPs，在催化体系中不容易转化为FLPs，这导致三种模型化合物在FLPs催化的氢化反应中效率不同.进一步的取代基电子效应及位阻效应计算表明：B（C₆F₅）₃与2-甲基-3-取代2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后形成的路易斯酸碱加合物和FLPs化合物之间稳定性差别源于3位取代基空间位阻不同.     

Extended radial epiderivatives of non-convex vector-valued maps and parametric quasiconvex programming

In this paper, we consider extended vector-valued mappings defined on a normed linear space. Based on the recent semicontinuous regularizations related to hypographical and/or epigraphical profile mappings of the considered function introduced, we define semicontinuous radial epiderivatives. We, then, demonstrate that the properties of these epiderivatives amount to properties of hypographical and/or epigraphical profile mappings of the corresponding difference quotient of the underlying function, which simplify fairly well the proofs in the radial epiderivative formulaes. In particular, we stress the impact of semicontinuity, hence, we characterize with new arguments the radial epiderivatives in terms of the suprema and/or infima of the interiorly radial cone of the hypograph and/or epigraph of the considered function. Finally, we obtain optimality conditions for general non-convex constrained vector optimization problems. We apply thereafter the obtained pattern to a parametric quasiconvex programming problem for which we derive necessary and sufficient optimality conditions that are not sensitive to perturbation at the nominal level, yielding henceforth more – and strong at least under asymptotically regular constraints – information than the recent stability results obtained under additional conditions on the regularity of the normal cone to the adjusted sublevel sets of the underlying function.     

Observation of defect clustering in Gd-doped calcium fluoride

Abstract

Solid solutions Ca_1-xGd_xF_2+x for 3 × 10^?7≤ x ≤10^?1 have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ionic thermal currents (ITC). The EPR experiments show the presence of two single-ion sites a cubic and a tetragonal Gd³⁺ center which co-exist with comparable abundances for intermediate impurity concentrations. The cubic center predominates at very low and high concentrations. Seven different relaxation processes have been identified from the ITC spectra and the variation of their intensity vs. x was measured. The absolute concentrations of the cubic and nn Gd³⁺ dipoles were calculated. The scavenging of interstitial fluorines by the neutral clusters explains both the abundance of cubic sites at high concentration and the variety of orientable clusters detected by ITC.     

Symmetry and stability of asymptotic profiles for fast diffusion equations in annuli

This paper is concerned with stability analysis of asymptotic profiles for (possibly sign-changing) solutions vanishing in finite time of the Cauchy–Dirichlet problems for fast diffusion equations in annuli. It is proved that the unique positive radial profile is not asymptotically stable, and moreover, it is unstable for the two-dimensional annulus. Furthermore, the method of stability analysis presented here will be also applied to exhibit symmetry breaking of least energy solutions.