压缩CO2中Co-N-C催化3-硝基苯乙烯选择性加氢反应动力学及相行为

对于苯环上含有各种可还原基团(如–C=C,–CN,–C≡C)的硝基芳烃,通过选择性加氢来制备芳香胺类化合物依然充满挑战.负载型纳米催化剂通常存在过度加氢的缺陷,虽然通过覆盖部分金属位点等方法可改善其选择性,但多是以牺牲催化活性为代价.得益于较高的原子利用率以及孤立的活性位结构,单原子催化剂在硝基芳烃选择性加氢反应中崭露头角.例如Pt1/FeOx单原子催化剂在3-硝基苯乙烯加氢反应中对目标产物的选择性高于99％,且转化频率(TOF)是Pt纳米催化剂的20倍以上.然而,已报道的单原子催化体系中,活性组分多为Pt族贵金属,且以有机溶剂为反应介质,不符合绿色化学理念.本文以环境友好型溶剂——压缩CO2为反应介质,以氮掺杂碳负载非贵金属Co单原子(Co-N-C)为催化剂,实现了3-硝基苯乙烯的选择性加氢,且反应体系中无任何有机溶剂和助剂.在温和(60 oC,3 MPa H2(RT),总压8.1 MPa)的反应条件下,3-硝基苯乙烯可完全转化,目标产物3-乙烯基苯胺的选择性达到>99％,且产物可通过简单卸压直接分离.Co-N-C单原子催化剂表现出较高的稳定性,循环使用4次以后活性并无明显降低.HAADF-STEM表征发现反应后的催化剂中,Co仍然呈单原子分散.研究发现,通过改变CO2压力(即CO2相行为)可调变H2在其中的溶解度以及在加氢反应中的反应级数,进而调变反应速率.通常认为,催化活性会随CO2压力增大呈线性增加,而本文中转化率却随CO2压力增加呈现"倒V型"曲线关系,即当体系总压为8.1 MPa(PCO2=5.0 MPa)时,转化率达到最大值(100％),而升高或降低CO2压力均会显著降低催化活性.为解释"倒V型"曲线的成因,通过含可视窗的高压釜研究了3-硝基苯乙烯/CO2/H2三元体系的相行为.发现当总压为13.4 MPa时,体系为均匀的一相(即3-硝基苯乙烯完全溶解在CO2中);而当总压为8.1 MPa时,却形成了气-液两相.用激光笔照射高压釜上部的气相时,出现了明显的丁达尔现象,说明其中溶解有少量的3-硝基苯乙烯,呈胶体分散;底部为CO2膨胀的3-硝基苯乙烯液相,且该膨胀行为通过硝基苯-CO2二元相行为研究得到证实(即在一定CO2压力下,6 mL硝基苯可被CO2膨胀至充满整个高压釜(容积为29.3 mL)).动力学研究发现,在不含CO2以及总压为11.2 MPa时,H2的反应级数为～0.5;而当总压为8.1 MPa(CO2压力为5.0 MPa)时,H2的级数降为0,说明该压力下H2的溶解度显著增加.通过Peng-Robinson方程计算了不同CO2压力下H2的溶解度,发现H2溶解度与CO2压力也呈"倒V型"曲线关系,且最高点对应的CO2压力与上述转化率-PCO2曲线一致.因此,当总压为8.1 MPa,CO2分压为5.0 MPa时形成了CO2膨胀的3-硝基苯乙烯液体,溶解入该膨胀液体的CO2促进了H2的溶解,进而使H2的反应级数降为0,从而促进了加氢反应的进行.综上,本文以压缩CO2为溶剂,以非贵金属基Co-N-C为催化剂,发展了一种3-硝基苯乙烯绿色选择性加氢途径.同时发现,改变CO2压力可调变反应体系的相行为及反应动力学行为,进而调变催化性能.该研究结果可为调变压缩CO2介质中进行的其它催化转化反应性能提供借鉴.     

含羟基基团取代的氮氧自由基构筑的三个双核稀土化合物的结构及磁性表征

以三氟乙酰丙酮(tfac)为共配体的稀土配合物分别与5-溴-2-羟基苯取代的自由基配体和5-硝基-2-羟基苯取代的自由基配体进行反应,合成3个稀土-自由基配合物[Ln2(tfac)4(NIT-5Br-2PhO)2](Ln=Gd (1),Dy (2))和[Dy2(tfac)4(NIT-5NO2-2PhO)2](3)(NIT-5Br-2PhOH=2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide,NIT-5NO2-2PhOH=2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetra-methylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide)。单晶结构分析表明这3个化合物中的稀土离子均通过自由基配体上的羟基氧基团连接为双核的结构。配合物1的直流磁化率表征揭示了Gd(Ⅲ)离子间的反铁磁耦合对其磁行为起主要作用。     

拉曼光谱技术在聚合物研究中的应用进展

拉曼光谱可以提供分子的振动信息,对于聚合物分子链的构象和链间的相互作用非常敏感,能够提供聚合物固体、薄膜或溶液的物理化学特性信息,如聚合物的结构单元、空间构型、晶态结构、分子链的物理构象或分子链子链和侧基在界面间或在各向异性材料中的排列等链取向信息等。因此拉曼光谱作为一种原位无损检测技术,其衍生出的表面增强拉曼光谱技术(Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering,SERS)、变温拉曼光谱技术、共焦显微拉曼光谱技术(Confocal Raman Microscopy,CRM)、拉曼Mapping成像技术和共振拉曼散射技术(Resonance Raman scattering,RRS)等,广泛应用于物理、化学和生物医学等领域。本文从拉曼光谱的基本理论基础、拉曼光谱技术及其在聚合物研究中的最新应用进展等方面进行综述,以探索扩展拉曼光谱技术在高分子物理与化学领域中许多问题,如分子链的构象结构、分子链的结晶行为、分子链的扩散运动和共混体系相态结构变化等方面的应用。     

Effect of Nanoclay on the Phase Separation Behavior of Poly（methyl methacrylate）/Poly（vinyl acetate） Binary Polymer Blends

The effect of nanoclay on the phase-separation behavior of poly（methyl methacrylate）/poly（vinyl acetate）（PMMA/PVAc） blends has been mainly investigated by small-angle laser light scattering. It is found that the effect of clay on the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase-separation for PMMA/PVAc blends seems inconsistent. The kinetics phaseseparation rate decreases, while the thermodynamics parameters, cloud points Tc and delay time tD of isothermal phaseseparation also decrease, and the variation amplitude depends on the matrix composition. The affinity of clay to PMMA results in the composition difference between the border layer and the polymer matrix and further causes the concentration fluctuation at the early stage of phase separation to reduce Tc and tD. On the other hand, the decrease of phase-separation rate is caused by the mechanical barrier effect of clay on the macromolecular diffusion of blend matrix. Hence, such seemingly counterintuitive results on the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase-separation are attributed to different dominant factors.     

Self-assembly behavior of copolymers with super segregated structure containing fluorinated segments

Copolymers with super segregated structure of hydrophilic methoxy poly（ethylene glycol） （mPEG） and fluorophilic poly（1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate） （PFA） were prepared. And just because of this super segregated structure which was resulted from the extremely strong incompatibility between the two blocks, several interesting self- assembly behaviors of the copolymers were displayed and studied under different conditions. Transmission electron microscope （TEM） showed that with the increase of PFA in the polymerization system, the incompatibility in this super segregated structure became stronger, and the self-assembly behavior changed from ball-like or rod-like to vesicles, and finally collapsed to sheet-like. The self-assembly behavior changed likewise when the initial concentration increased. And the interesting formation of these barrel-like and spindle-like vesicles was finally studied with different cooling speeds. It＇s finally found that with this super segregation structure, these new self-assembly morphology might be formed due to the extremely strong incompatibility between mPEG and PFA segments.     

Hydrolytic Degradation Behaviors of Poly（p-dioxanone） in Ambient Environments

The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the hydrolytic degradation of poly（p-dioxanone）（PPDO） were investigated. The hydrolytic degradation behaviors were monitored by tracing the changes of water absorption, mechanical and crystalline properties, molecular weight and its distribution, surface morphologies, as well as infrared absorption peaks and hydrogen chemical shifts during the degradation. It is found that the water absorption increases whilst the intrinsic viscosity, tensile strength and elongation at break decrease as the temperature or relative humidity increases. With degradation time growing, the molecular weight drops and its distribution broadens. The crystallinity of PPDO has a tendency to increase at first and then to decrease, while the crystalline structure is not significantly changed. At the same time, some cracks are observed on the surface and keep growing and deepening. All results show that temperature plays more significant roles than relative humidity during the degradation. The analyses of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveal that the degradation of PPDO is a predominant hydrolysis of ester linkages.     

Phase behavior of amphiphiles at liquid crystals/water interface: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics study

We present a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation study of phase behavior of amphiphilic monolayers at the liquid crystal （LC）/water interface. The results revealed that LCs at interface can influence the lateral ordering of amphiphiles. Particularly, the amphiphile tails along with perpendicularly penetrated LCs between tails undergo a two-dimension phase transition from liquid-expanded into a liquid-condensed phase as their area density at interface reaches 0.93. While, the liquid-condensed phase of the monolayer never appears at oil/water interface with isotropic shape oil particles. These findings reveal the penetration of anisotropic LC can promote ordered lateral organization of amphiphiles. Moreover, we find the phase transition point is shifted to lower surface coverage of amphiphiles when the LCs have larger affinity to the amphiphile tails.     

磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯与磷脂膜相互作用的影响

通过使用不同相变温度的磷脂分子并调节二者的比例构筑了不同相态的磷脂膜, 并利用表面增强红外光谱和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯和磷脂膜相互作用的影响. 结果表明, 氧化石墨烯对磷脂膜中磷脂分子的抽提作用具有显著的相态选择性, 其选择性地抽提流动相的磷脂分子; 氧化石墨烯对流动相磷脂的抽提作用受到膜中凝胶相磷脂存在比例的影响, 只有在流动相磷脂分子占磷脂膜中磷脂分子的绝大部分时才能够发生抽提作用, 且只有流动相的磷脂分子被抽提.     

XANES技术探究酸处理对义马煤中硫形态及其热变迁行为的影响

利用XANES技术研究了酸处理对义马煤的比表面积、体相及表面硫形态分布和热解过程中硫变迁行为的影响。结果表明,由于酸处理过程中部分镶嵌于有机质中的矿物质被脱除导致部分闭合孔打开,煤的比表面积有所增大。HCl-HF和HCl-HF-HNO_3处理脱除了煤中大部分矿物质和无机硫,由于HNO_3的强氧化性,YMN中亚砜和砜硫化物的相对含量均高于YMR和YMD。相比煤样体相,酸处理过程对表面形态硫的分布产生了更为明显的影响。酸处理煤样热解含硫气体释放量减少,但由于大部分碱性矿物质的脱除和煤中易分解形态硫相对含量的增加,含硫气体释放率增加。不同形态硫之间的内部转化使得酸处理煤焦中主要形态硫的分布更为均匀。通过HCl-HF-HNO_3处理可以有效地脱除煤中矿物质及无机硫,并改变煤中形态硫分布,从而为高灰分、富含黄铁矿的高硫煤的利用提供指导。     

“拟双子”阴离子表面活性剂在癸烷/水界面的分子动力学模拟

采用全原子分子动力学模拟方法研究了壬基酚取代的系列烷基磺酸盐表面活性剂在癸烷/水界面的微观聚集行为,通过分析界面厚度、界面生成能和界面张力以及表面活性剂分子与水分子之间的径向分布函数和配位数,讨论了不同磺烷基链长度对壬基酚基取代烷基磺酸盐表面活性剂界面性质的影响.结果表明,磺烷基链长为12时,表面活性剂的界面张力最低,界面厚度和界面生成能最大.