Development of a new analytical method for the evaluation of hazards from slow decomposition of waste streams and process solutions

A wide variety of liquid streams are generated as part of the process research and development effort. Frequently these streams are drummed off, either as intermediates that must be held for processing or as wastes that must be sent off-site for disposal. Because of the long times and low concentrations often involved, current thermoanalytical techniques were inadequate to detect the potential of streams to generate gas. A custom-made apparatus, the gas evolution test cell (GETC), was developed in the Merck Research Laboratories to measure the gas generation potential of various streams under precisely defined conditions, is the key innovation for the development of a quantitative gas-generation test method.     

成像技术在食品安全与质量控制中的研究进展

食品质量与安全是政府、食品行业以及消费者十分关注的问题。为了保证食品质量与安全，需要对食品中的风险因子进行检测。传统的分析方法如生物化学方法和仪器分析方法（色谱法、色谱-质谱法）存在前处理比较复杂，耗时，对样品具有破坏性及无法获取目标物空间信息等缺点。因此，开发快速，无损，实时和可视化的检测技术十分重要，这也是食品领域研究的热点。近年来，高光谱成像技术融合了成像和光谱两种技术，可以作为一种用于食品质量和安全评估的非破坏性和实时检测的工具。拉曼光谱成像技术可以同时获得待测物的光谱和空间信息，具有快速，无损和低成本等优点，在食品安全评价和质量控制中也得到了成功应用。质谱成像技术不需要标记和染色，即可实现样品组织表面待测物的可视化和高通量分析。它作为一种分子可视化技术，可以获得食品中营养成分及内、外源性有害物质的空间分布信息，在食品领域也表现出良好的应用前景。本文检索了近几年国内外发表的成像技术在食品研究中的相关文献，介绍了高光谱成像技术、拉曼光谱成像技术和质谱成像技术的原理，并综述了它们在食品安全与质量控制中的应用。此外，本文分析和讨论了这几种成像技术的优缺点，并对成像技术在食品领域的发展前景做出了展望。     

四川省重点河段水环境安全性评价

为研究四川省重点河段水环境的安全性,利用综合评价指数法和模糊综合评价决策的数学模型对主要水系干流和支流河段的水质安全性做出了评价.结果显示,岷江流域的水质安全性较差,主要的污染物为重金属汞和铁,沱江和涪江流域的水质安全性较好.     

药品物流多中心选址优化研究

为降低药品物流配送成本、提高药品配送效率。本文针对国家带量集中采购药品配送问题,构建了药品物流多中心选址-路径优化双目标模型。并结合模糊C-均值聚类算法(FCMA)、模拟退火算法和禁忌搜索算法各自优点,设计出了FCM-TS-SA混合算法,最后通过真实案例进行了验证、对比和分析。     

基于前景理论的药品质量安全监管演化博弈分析

现有药品质量安全监管的相关研究多从理性假设出发探讨政府与企业的互动机理,鲜有考虑企业质量安全意识的有限理性,导致模型对现实的解释能力不足。运用前景理论,通过价值函数和权重函数构建演化博弈的收益前景矩阵,研究了政府和药品生产企业的博弈过程,得到了影响企业质量安全意识的约束条件及因素。同时,研究了上市许可持有人质量激励、惩罚机制对药品生产企业质量安全意识的影响。研究结果表明:过度自信、风险偏好等是影响企业质量安全意识的重要因素;上市许可持有人的质量激励与惩罚能否发挥作用取决于企业的风险态度;在质量激励、惩罚条件下,上市许可持有人需加大监督或惩罚力度来改善企业的质量安全意识。     

道路维修施工路段交通分流信控优化模型

针对道路维修施工期间常采用的部分路面封闭施工且利用辅路进行分流的情形,探讨了交通分流信控优化模型。借助交通流波动理论,分析了施工路段及其前后车流拥挤排队及疏散特征和规律,分析了对车流进行控制需满足的约束,并分析了车流的延误计算公式。以总的车辆行驶时间最小化目标,原路径及分流路径的绿时分配及信号周期为优化参数,考虑交通分流控制的各种约束,建立了道路施工路段交通分流信控优化模型。分析了该模型属于非凸问题,因此提出了一种近似求解最优解的办法。通过一个示例对模型和求解算法进行了验证,并对一些规律性结果进行了分析。     

杭州不同功能区道路灰尘中污染物的分布和有效性

比较研究了杭州城市的工业区、商业区、居民区、公园和附近农村道路灰尘中重金属(Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn、Hg)、P和有机物的积累情况,测定了灰尘分散到水中后污染物在溶液、悬浮物和沉积物中的分配情况。结果表明,不同功能区城市灰尘中污染物含量有较大的变异:重金属一般以工业区和商业区为最高;P以居民区和商业区为最高,而有机物以公园和居民区最高;灰尘中污染物含量随粒径减小而增加。当灰尘分散至水中后,重金属等污染物大部分以沉积相形式存在,少量以溶解相和悬浮相存在;溶解态重金属的比例均较低,平均在0.5%以下,其中ρ(Hg)、ρ(Cd)>ρ(Zn)、ρ(Cu)>ρ(Pb)。而生物有效态(双酸提取)重金属占其总量的比例平均在12%~29%之间,由高到低顺序为Zn,Cd,Cu,Hg,Pb。     

GC-MS监测生活饮用水输配水管材及防护材料中溶出的挥发性有机物

我国的生活饮用水行业中,目前常使用的管材分为金属类管材和非金属类管材两种。由于金属类管材本身的化学特性,行业内必须在此类管材的内壁上进行防腐处理,通常采用一些高分子防腐涂料。可用于给水行业的涂料品种繁多,涂料质量好坏直接影响到水质。我们针对一些常用产品作了浸泡试验,用吹扫捕集-GC-MS方法对水中溶出的可挥发性有机物进行了检测,发现一些产品在水中溶出了大量的甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、甲乙苯等苯系物,且浸泡30d后仍有溶出物。这些物质长期存在会导致人体中枢神经系统紊乱,严重危害人体健康。行业内关于水源水中此类有机物污染的监测比较充分,而对于防护涂料可能污染水质的状况并未引起足够重视。     

Is it safe to have a laboratory test?

A recent US Institute of Medicine report indicated that up to 98,000 deaths and more than 1 million injuries occur each year in the United States due to medical errors. These include diagnostic errors, such as an error or delay in diagnosis, failure to employ indicated tests and the use of outmoded tests. Laboratory tests provide up to 80% of the information used by physicians to make important medical decisions, therefore it is important to determine how often laboratory testing mistakes occur, whether they cause patient harm, where they are most likely to occur in the testing process, and how to prevent them from occurring. A review of the literature and a US Quality Institute Conference in 2003 indicates that errors in laboratory medicine occur most often in the pre-analytical and post-analytical steps in the testing process, but most of the quality improvement efforts focus on improving the analytical process. Measures must be developed and employed to reduce the potential for mistakes in laboratory medicine, including better indicators for the quality of laboratory service. Users of laboratory services must be linked with the laboratorys information system to assist them with decisions about test ordering, patient preparation, and test interpretation. Quality assessment efforts need to be expanded beyond external quality assessment programs to encompass the detection of non-analytical mistakes and improving communication between the users of and providers of laboratory services. The actual number of mistakes in laboratory testing is not fully recognized, because no widespread process is in place to either determine how often mistakes occur or to systematically eliminate sources of error. We also tend to focus on mistakes that result in adverse events, not the near misses that cause no observable harm. The users of laboratory services must become aware of where testing mistakes can occur and actively participate in designing processes to prevent mistakes. Most importantly, healthcare institutions need to adopt a culture of safety, which is implemented at all levels of the organization. This includes establishing closer links between providers of laboratory services and others in the healthcare delivery system. This was the theme of a 2003 Quality Institute Conference aimed at making the laboratory a key partner in patient safety. Plans to create a permanent public–private partnership, called the Institute for Quality in Laboratory Medicine, whose mission is to promote improvements in the use of laboratory tests and laboratory services are underway.Presented at the 9th Conference on Quality in the Spotlight, 18–19 March 2004, Antwerp, Belgium.