《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》解读——物质的性质与应用

对《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》中“物质的性质与应用”学习主题进行解读,该主题体现核心素养发展的具体化要求,包括以大概念为统领的主题内容结构和要求、明确核心素养表现期望的学业要求以及核心素养导向的教学提示建议等。     

Metal-facilitated Photocatalytic Nanohybrids: Rational Design and Promising Environmental Applications

As a promising technique to potentially address the energy crisis and environmental issues, photocatalysis has been reported widely to exhibit various outstanding behaviors in production of new fuels/chemicals and treatment of contaminants. The photocatalytic performance is extremely dependent on the used photocatalysts, so that the design and preparation of efficient photocatalysts are critically important for significantly improving the photocatalytic activity. Among various strategies, the hybridization of metal with semiconductors has recently been attracting more and more research interest owing to their expended spectral absorption, promoted transferring rate of charge carriers and Plasmon-enhanced effect. In this minireview, the metal-facilitated hybrid photocatalysts are overviewed comprehensively to first reveal unique functions of metals in improvement of photoactivity and summarize the emerging metal-involved hybrid systems. Subsequently, the synthetic methods towards hybrid photocatalysts are introduced and their practical applications are emphasized in environmental remediation including degradation of organic pollutants, conversion of harmful gases, treatment of heavy metal ions and sterilization of bacteria. At the end, the challenges for industrializing these hybrid photocatalysts are discussed carefully and future development is suggested rationally.     

Biogenic synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles used in environmental applications: A review

Due to their physical, chemical, optical, and mechanical properties, metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are increasingly being used, with an emphasis on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In recent years, green synthesis has gained prominence for exploring the use of naturally available biological sources for the obtention of metallic nanoparticles. Among these, algae and plants stand out due to the presence of polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, and vitamins (among others) in their composition, which can act in the reduction and stabilisation of MNPs, and these biogenic materials have been characterised mainly by spectrometric and microscopic techniques. In addition, due to the numerous advantages of nanoparticles (NPs) synthetize from biogenic source, such as their simplicity and cost benefits, they have been used in the development of sensors applied in the determination of contaminants present in environmental samples and in the catalytic reduction of organic and inorganic contaminants. Therefore, this review describes the synthesis, mechanisms, characterization, and environmental analytical applications of NPs obtained by biogenic synthesis as well as the perspectives and challenges of these NPs.     

OLED器件新型应用研究进展

有机发光二极管(organic light-emitting diodes,OLED)具有可柔性制备、低驱动电压、低功耗等优点,近年来技术上的突飞猛进及其广泛的应用前景,使之成为平板显示、新型照明、可穿戴,以及智能电子产品开发中最热门的研究课题之一。作为新一代的显示及照明技术,小尺寸OLED显示器已实现商业化,大尺寸OLED电视和家用照明也有产品问世,但OLED器件在可穿戴、智能电子等领域的应用仍处于探索期。本文综述了近年来OLED器件在新型应用领域国内外的研究状况,介绍了其在车载照明、智能车窗、可穿戴医疗、智能包装等领域的发展。最后对OLED器件应用的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures

Over the last two decades, oxide nanostructures have been continuously evaluated and used in many technological applications. The advancement of the controlled synthesis approach to design desired morphology is a fundamental key to the discipline of material science and nanotechnology. These nanostructures can be prepared via different physical and chemical methods; however, a green and ecofriendly synthesis approach is a promising way to produce these nanostructures with desired properties with less risk of hazardous chemicals. In this regard, ZnO and TiO₂ nanostructures are prominent candidates for various applications. Moreover, they are more efficient, non-toxic, and cost-effective. This review mainly focuses on the recent state-of-the-art advancements in the green synthesis approach for ZnO and TiO₂ nanostructures and their applications. The first section summarizes the green synthesis approach to synthesize ZnO and TiO₂ nanostructures via different routes such as solvothermal, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, and sol-gel using biological systems that are based on the principles of green chemistry. The second section demonstrates the application of ZnO and TiO₂ nanostructures. The review also discusses the problems and future perspectives of green synthesis methods and the related issues posed and overlooked by the scientific community on the green approach to nanostructure oxides.     

Self-Crosslinked Ellipsoidal Poly(Tannic Acid) Particles for Bio-Medical Applications

Self-crosslinking of Tannic acid (TA) was accomplished to obtain poly(tannic acid) (p(TA)) particles in single step, surfactant free media using sodium periodate (NaIO₄) as an oxidizing agent. Almost monodisperse p(TA) particles with 981 ± 76 nm sizes and −22 ± 4 mV zeta potential value with ellipsoidal shape was obtained. Only slight degradation of p(TA) particles with 6.8 ± 0.2% was observed at pH 7.4 in PBS up to 15 days because of the irreversible covalent formation between TA units, suggesting that hydrolytic degradation is independent from the used amounts of oxidation agents. p(TA) particles were found to be non-hemolytic up to 0.5 mg/mL concentration and found not to affect blood clotting mechanism up to 2 mg/mL concentration. Antioxidant activity of p(TA) particles was investigated by total phenol content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total flavanoid content (TFC), and Fe (II) chelating activity. p(TA) particles showed strong antioxidant capability in comparison to TA molecules, except FRAP assay. The antibacterial activity of p(TA) particles was investigated by micro-dilution technique on E. coli as Gram‑negative and S. aureus as Gram-positive bacteria and found that p(TA) particles are more effective on S. aureus with over 50% inhibition at 20 mg/mL concentration attained.     

激光光源线宽对外差探测性能的影响

本文根据统计理论分析了激光线宽对外差探测结果的影响, 并讨论了激光线宽对杨氏干涉条纹对比度的影响. 本文基于解析结果做了数值仿真, 所得结果表明激光线宽增加时, 外差探测方式仍可以检测到中频信号, 但在线宽较大时, 受噪声影响无法准确地提取到中频频率. 为验证理论分析结果, 使用线宽为1 MHz的激光光源进行了8.1 km外场实验, 实验结果与数值分析结论一致, 即不会因为线宽增加而无法检测到中频信号. 文中所得结论对于外差探测光源的选择有重要指导意义, 因此根据测量目标的特性和测量要求, 可按照文中结论评估光源的线宽指标.     

Trends in nanomaterial-based solid-phase microextraction with a focus on environmental applications - A review

Effective solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in environmental field represents a crucial step for the adequate extraction of several analytes. Several materials have been traditionally developed for SPME of several analytes from environmental samples, even though their several restrictions such as post-treatment required, elevate costs and limited efficiency. Recently, nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as a promising substitute for SPME in environmental applications of traditional techniques, due to their small size and their high specific surface-area which enhances their high reactivity. In this present review different NMs which have recently been utilized as SPME sorbent for environmental applications are classified into eleven main groups, namely nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoflakes, nanocomposites, nanorods, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanosheets, nanocubes, nanospheres and polymer-based NMs. Application of these NMs in SPME modes and configurations for environmental analysis has been reviewed. The study discusses not only the advantages but also the major limitations of using such NMs.     

SERS Activity of Semiconductors: Crystalline and Amorphous Nanomaterials

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy on semiconductors has attracted increasing attention due to its high spectral reproducibility and unique selectively to target molecules. Recently, endeavors have been made in fabricating novel SERS‐active semiconductor substrates and exploring new enhancement mechanisms to improve the sensitivity of semiconductor substrates. This Minireview explains the enhancement mechanism of the semiconductor SERS effect in a brief tutorial and summarize recent developments of novel semiconductor substrates, in particular with regard to the remarkable SERS activity of amorphous semiconductor nanomaterials. Potential applications of semiconductor SERS are also a key issue of concern. We discuss a variety of promising applications of semiconductor SERS in the fields of in situ analytical chemistry, spectroelectrochemical analysis, biological sensing, and trace detection.