无皂乳液聚合法制备非球形聚苯乙烯粒子研究

采用苯乙烯(St)、二乙烯基苯(DVB)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为单体,在乙醇和水混合介质中通过无皂乳液聚合法制备了非球形聚苯乙烯(PS)粒子。通过FT-IR、TEM和激光粒度及电位分析仪对粒子的结构、形貌、粒径以及Zeta电位进行了表征。结果表明,所合成PS粒子均含三种单体结构单元,且形貌上均为非球形;随着DVB用量的增加,PS粒子形貌更趋于球形,粒径和单分散系数均逐渐增加;随DMC用量增加,PS粒子粒径随之增加,单分散系数逐渐减小,表面Zeta电位也逐渐增加;KHCO3用量的增加能使PS粒子粒径和单分散系数均增加;随着醇水比的减小,PS粒子粒径逐渐减小,而单分散系数则逐渐增加。     

Polymer phase separation in composite latex particles. 1. Considerations for the nucleation and growth mechanism

This study addresses the question of how polymer phase separation takes place during polymerization reactions within composite latex particles. Experiments resulted in acrylic/styrene latices with two-phase structures that were analyzed via TEM. Those that resulted from the use of semi-batch reactions allowed us to observe domains that likely did not undergo phase rearrangement after they were formed within the particles. We computed the critical size of the phase-separated domains by assuming that the nucleation and growth mechanism applied to such experiments. We also computed how much these domains would increase in size by subsequent polymerization within those domains. Comparisons of predicted and experimental domain sizes and distributions showed quite reasonable agreement. The domains formed in latex particles of about 350 nm were in the 30–50-nm range. Despite the close agreement between theory and experiment, we are not convinced that phase separation occurs by nucleation and growth, as it appears to us that given the relative rates of reaction and polymer diffusion, phase separation events will often be forced to occur within the spinodal region of the phase diagram. To cite this article: J.M. Stubbs, C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).     

Features of X-ray fluorescence determination of rock-forming elements in powder samples of peat sediments

The features of rock-forming elements determination in powder samples of peat sediments are considered. Based on theoretical calculations and experimental data, the mineralogical and particle size effects on the X-ray fluorescence intensity have been estimated. For routine analysis, powder rock samples are usually milled to a particle size of 10–60 μm. Theoretically, estimated variations of rock-forming elements analytical lines intensities in different minerals are up to 30%, and the particle size effect cannot be eliminated simultaneously for all rock-forming elements. Experimental estimation shows that the impossibility of the particle size distribution control can lead to significant variations in the intensities of the analytical lines (3%–18%) that is mainly corresponding to theoretical estimation. Fine milling allowed us to achieve an average particle size of fewer than 20 μm and reduce the measurement uncertainty by 1.5–2 times. 12 samples of peat sediments with organic matter content up to 70 wt% were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analysis using different sample preparation techniques, as well as by certified methods. The accuracy of X-ray fluorescence analysis of peat sediments prepared as pressed pellets varies from 1.5 to 11 rel% depending on compound contents. It is more than for samples prepared as fused beads, however, the proposed method can be used to determine the variations of rock-forming elements contents in peat sediments where the content variations exceed the measurement uncertainty, and accuracy of analysis is sufficient for further paleoecological reconstructions.     

Gravity-induced geometric spin Hall effect of freely falling quantum particle

We discuss a new gravitational effect that the wave packet of a free-fall quantum particle undergoes a spin-dependent transverse shift in Earth's gravitational field. This effect is similar to the geometric spin Hall effect (GSHE) (Aiello 2009 et al Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 100401 ), and can be called gravity-induced GSHE. This effect suggests that the free-fall wave packets of opposite spin-polarized quantum particles can be split in the direction perpendicular to spin and gravity.     

Clarification of regimes determining sonochemical reactions in solid particle suspensions

Although there has been extensive research on the factors that influence sonochemical reactions in solid particle suspensions, the role that solid particles play in the process remains unclear. Herein, the effect of monodisperse silica particles (10–100 μm, 0.05–10 vol%) on the sonochemical activity (20 kHz) was investigated using triiodide formation monitoring and luminol tests. The results demonstrate that, in the particle size range considered, the sonochemical yields were enhanced in dilute suspensions (0.05–1 vol%), while further particle addition in semi-dilute suspensions (1–10 vol%) decreased the yields. Two regimes, namely the site-increasing regime and sound-damping regime, are identified in respect of the enhancing and inhibiting effects of the particles, respectively, and their dependence on particle characteristics is analyzed. Both regimes are confirmed based on the cavitation erosion test results or cavitation noise analysis. The clarification of the two regimes provides a better understanding of the dominant factors controlling sonochemistry in the presence of solid particles, as well as a guide for sonochemical efficiency prediction.     

Particle captured by a field-modulating vortex through dielectrophoresis force

In microfluidic technology, dielectrophoresis (DEP) is commonly used to manipulate particles. In this work, the fluid-particle interactions in a microfluidic system are investigated numerically by a finite difference method (FDM) for electric field distribution and a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for the fluid flow. In this system, efficient particle manipulation may be realized by combining DEP and field-modulating vortex. The influence of the density ($\rho_{\rm p}$), radius ($r$), and initial position of the particle in the $y$ direction ($y_{\rm p0}$), and the slip velocity ($u_{0}$) on the particle manipulation are studied systematically. It is found that compared with the particle without action of DEP force, the particle subjected to a DEP force may be captured by the vortex over a wider range of parameters. In the $y$ direction, as $\rho_{\rm p}$ or $r $ increases, the particle can be captured more easily by the vortex since it is subjected to a stronger DEP force. When $u_{0}$ is low, particle is more likely to be captured due to the vortex-particle interaction. Furthermore, the flow field around the particle is analyzed to explore the underlying mechanism. The results obtained in the present study may provide theoretical support for engineering applications of field-controlled vortices to manipulate particles.     

Convenient formulæ for the drag on a prolate ellipsoid moving along its axis of symmetry perpendicular to a plane surface

The drag coefficients for a prolate ellipsoid moving along its axis of symmetry, in the creeping flow regime, either towards or away from a plane surface are calculated. The plane surface may have either a no-slip boundary condition, corresponding to a solid wall, or a perfect slip condition, corresponding to a free surface.First the analytical solutions are employed to obtain exact values for the full range of feasible particle–plane gaps. Next, simple exact formulæ for the asymptotes at small and large gaps are presented. Finally, some convenient approximate formulæ are obtained that may be used across the full range of gaps.     

注聚过程中预交联部分水解聚丙烯酰胺凝胶颗粒的防窜性能

针对地层非均质性所造成的注聚过程中聚合物的窜流,研究了东营预交联凝胶颗粒(DY)和辽河预交联凝胶颗粒(LH)的膨胀性能和封窜性能.结果表明,与LH相比,膨胀倍数合适并具有一定强度和黏弹性的DY具有更好的防窜性能,其突破压力为0.18 MPa/0.09m;二者使得高渗透层和低渗透层的采收率分别提高至20.26%和53.75%.     

粒度分析及粒度标准物质研究进展

综述了当前粒度分析测试方法的研究进展,并简单介绍了各种测试方法的基本原理以及包括美国、欧洲、中国在内的国家和地区在粒度标准物质方面的研究概况。     

Ag掺杂型空心TiO2纳米微球的制备与表征及其光催化性能

通过甲基丙烯酸与苯乙烯的乳液聚合制备了表面载有阴离子的聚苯乙烯(PSt)纳米乳胶粒. 在乙醇与水的混合溶剂中, 用硅烷偶联剂乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷对其进行表面改性. 以此乳胶粒为模板, 加入钛酸四丁酯和硝酸银制备了Ag₂O掺杂型聚苯乙烯/二氧化钛(PSt/TiO₂)复合微球. 对该微球在180 °C进行液相预处理、干燥、500 °C煅烧等步骤制备了Ag 掺杂型Ag-TiO₂复合粒子. 通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对PSt/TiO₂复合粒子及Ag-TiO₂空心粒子的形貌及晶体结构等进行了表征. 考察了Ag-TiO₂复合粒子在紫外光(365 nm)与紫外-可见光(370-760 nm)下对罗丹明B (RhB)降解的催化活性. 结果表明, 与不含银的TiO₂空心微球相比, 在紫外光照射下, 银含量(n_Ag/n_Ti)为0.1%的Ag-TiO₂复合粒子对RhB的降解率提高了11%左右; 在紫外-可见光照射下, n_Ag/n_Ti为1.0%和2.0% 的Ag-TiO₂复合粒子对RhB的降解率提高了30%左右.