部分水解的预交联凝胶型聚丙烯酰胺的水化层结构

部分水解的预交联凝胶型聚丙烯酰胺在水溶液中的吸水溶胀能对油藏高渗透区域产生有效封堵,有利于提高驱油效率.分子模拟结果表明,凝胶颗粒的溶胀主要归因于侧链亲水基团在水溶液中的水化作用,这些带负电的亲水基团中心原子通过氢键和静电作用在其周围极化出一层排列规整、有序而紧密的水化层,并将水分子束缚其中;同时水化层内的水分子之间依赖氢键网络促进水化层的稳定.本文从微观结构、动力学和氢键等方面比较了各亲水基团中心原子的水化能力,发现—COO-官能团具有较强的束缚水分子的能力,对水化层的稳定有重要影响.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺弱凝胶交联动力学的流变学分析

用流变学方法对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)苯酚甲醛间苯二酚交联体系的弱凝胶化过程进行了研究,通过对基团转化率和高分子交联转化率的分析,发现凝胶化过程在接近凝胶点时,处于反应动力学的初期,这使得交联点增加的动力学是比较简单的.通过在不同聚合物浓度和交联剂浓度并在地层温度和矿化度条件下线性粘弹性行为的研究,得到了交联体系凝胶化动力学过程的完整数据,发现聚合物浓度与交联剂浓度对凝胶点与凝胶强度的影响比较类似,反映出交联点增加的共同动力学特征.复数粘度在一个诱导期后,是以指数上升的,类似一个一级反应的特征.产生交联的临界聚合物浓度约为250mg/L左右.并提出了剪切粘度数学模型,可以描述凝胶化过程中流变性质的变化.     

弛豫法研究预交联颗粒凝胶的界面扩张流变性质

采用界面张力弛豫方法研究了一种新型聚合物--预交联颗粒凝胶(PPG)的界面流变性质, 考察了电解质及传统直链聚丙烯酰胺与PPG的相互作用对体系界面性质的影响, 计算得到了各体系界面扩张弹性和黏性的全频谱, 并通过归一法计算得到了相应的Cole-Cole图. 结果表明, 随着体相浓度的增加, PPG在界面层中形成网络结构, 界面扩张弹性和黏性大幅增强. 电解质能够中和PPG结构中的电荷, 明显降低扩张弹性和黏性. 直链聚丙烯酰胺与PPG在界面上可能形成更为复杂的结构, 膜的黏弹性由PPG决定.     

原子吸收法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/Cr(Ⅲ)凝胶的交联密度

由 Cr( )交联部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 ( HPAM)形成的水凝胶已广泛应用于油田三次采油生产中 ,对于调整吸水剖面和提高原油采收率起到重要作用 .在 HPAM/Cr( )交联机理和交联动力学等方面的研究多采用粘度法 [1] 、紫外 -可见分光光度法 [2 ] 、流变学法[3] 、原子力显微镜 ( AFM)法 [4 ] 、粒度及其分布法 [5] 等 ,考察 HPAM/Cr( )交联反应过程 ,而对交联密度ρ的研究却少见报道 .ρ可用单位体积凝胶中参与交联反应的 Cr( )的量 ( g/cm3)来表征 ,在微观上反映了交联点的数目 ,在宏观上与凝胶的强度和脱水程度相联系 ,因而是交联体系…     

低浓度部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/柠檬酸铝交联体系剪切稳定性研究

采用粘度法、核孔膜过滤和动态光散射（DLS）法,研究了高分子量低浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）与柠檬酸铝（AlCit）反应所形成的交联体系的剪切稳定性和HPAM剪切降解后与AlCit反应所形成的体系的封堵性能及降解机理.研究结果表明,低浓度的HPAM与AlCit反应所形成的交联聚合物体系随剪切速率增加,其对1.2 μm的核孔膜的封堵能力降低.HPAM稀溶液剪切降解后再与AlCit反应,低剪切速率对其封堵性能影响较小,而高剪切速率会使得其封堵性能大大降低.HPAM/AlCit交联体系和HPAM剪切降解后形成的交联体系的封堵性能下降的原因是HPAM/AlCit交联体系中交联聚合物线团（LPC）尺寸和HPAM中高分子线团的尺寸变小.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/柠檬酸铝胶态分散凝胶体系的剪切稠化现象

一般认为 ,能够产生剪切稠化现象的体系为分散稳定的固 -液浓悬浮体 ,分散相 (固相 )体积分数 30 %～ 6 0 % [1～ 4] .最近 ,我们在研究固含量仅为 0 .0 3%的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 (简称PHPA) /柠檬酸铝胶态分散凝胶体系流变性时 ,也发现了剪切稠化现象 .胶态分散凝胶( CDG)主要由交联剂在单个聚合物分子中通过内交联形成[5,6] ,形成条件是低聚合物质量分数 (一般为 0 .0 1 %～ 0 .1 2 % )和低交联剂 /聚合物质量比 (一般为 1∶ 2 0～ 1 0 0 ) .由于不能象常规凝胶一样形成三维网络结构 ,因而 CDG的分子结构状态介于常规聚合物凝胶和自由…     

化学驱油过程中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的二级结构研究

高分子量聚丙烯酰胺水溶液因其显著的增粘作用与粘弹性而在三次采油中得到广泛应用 .多年来大庆油田采用注入部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM)水溶液驱油 ,实践证明 ,此法可大幅度提高原油采出率[1,2 ] .关于聚丙烯酰胺及其部分水解产物 (结构上等价于丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸的无规共聚物 )的链结构评价及其同高价离子的络合作用已有一些报道 [3～ 6] .在聚合物驱油过程中 ,HPAM水溶液在地下岩层中流动时间较长 ,实验室难以模拟 ,有关 HPAM流经地下岩层后的结构研究尚未见报道 .评价化学驱油油田矿场采出液中 HPAM的链结构 ,并探讨其结构变化机理…     

Eu／TiO2光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺影响因素研究

考查了以四异氧丙基钛(TTIP)为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶的合成方法制备Eu掺杂TiO2纳米晶催化剂.运用X射线粉体衍射光谱仪(XRD)检测到制备的复合物具有锐钛矿晶型、透射电镜(TEM)和N2吸附表征催化剂的形貌和吸附特性:Eu/TiO2纳米晶粒子分散均匀,平均粒径为9 nm左右.比表面积107 m2/g,孔体积0.5 cm3/g、孔径14.0 nm.此外,研究了在紫外光作用下催化条件对光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的影响,如:光催化时间、催化剂的浓度、HAPM的初始浓度、反应的pH值及Na2CO3,NaHCO3和NaCl浓度对催化的影响.结果表明,除NaCl外,其它条件对HPAM的催化降解均有显著的影响.增加催化时间、最佳的催化剂浓度、pH~6和较低的初始浓度有利于催化反应的进行.     

三羟甲基苯酚与部分水解聚丙烯酰胺成胶机理研究

采用13C固体核磁共振技术、X-射线电子能谱及红外光谱技术对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)与三羟甲基苯酚交联前后的结构进行了表征,发现体系中生成仲胺基团的同时伯胺基团有所减少;进一步采用两种表征手段对一系列交联样品进行了测试,定量地计算了仲胺基团含量的增加和伯胺基团含量的减少,得到一致的结果;在此基础上提出了水溶性酚醛交联剂与HPAM的交联机理.     

Negtive thixotropy of solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. Part I: The influence of shear rate on time changes of flow characteristics

A strongly negative thixotropic behavior of solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide in a glycerol-water mixture has been observed at high dilution. Using a Couette viscometer, time changes of viscosity at various shear rates were studied in detail.     

Immobilization of liposomes on hydrophobically modified polymer gel particles in batch mode interaction

Immobilization of liposomal phospholipids onto Sephacryl S-1000 gels that were chemically conjugated with hydrophobic alkyl moieties, octyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl, was examined in batch mode interaction. Compared with the octyl gel, the dodecyl and the hexadecyl gels were found to immobilize the three to four times more phospholipids with the less hydrophobic moieties. The encapsulation of a water-soluble marker, with other evidences, suggests that the majority of the immobilized phospholipids maintained liposomal morphology. As the lipid of the interacting liposomes, egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (eggPC), 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and a mixture of DMPC and 1,2-dimyristamido-1,2-deoxyphosphatidylcholine were examined. At 22 °C, DMPC liposomes showed higher extent of immobilization than at 37 °C but not eggPC liposomes, suggesting that the phase of liposomal membrane could have influence on the immobilization. Exchange between the immobilized liposomes and free ones was found to be small, less than 3%. The gel that had been first interacted with liposomes to apparent saturation could further immobilize the newly added liposomes. The rate of this second immobilization was similar to that of the slow adsorption process; the both could be based on the same mechanism, possibly involving rearrangement of the immobilized liposomes on the gel as proposed by Lundahl. As had been observed in the flow mode, the immobilization had preference for smaller liposomes. In application of the system in batch mode, the size distributions of the immobilized liposomes and of those left in the supernatant may differ from that of the originally added liposomes.     

Synthesis of monodispersed molecularly imprinted polymer particles for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of cholesterol using templating polymerization in porous silica gel bound with cholesterol molecules on its surface

Monodispersed molecularly imprinted polymer particles selective for cholesterol were prepared by the copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in the presence of template silica gel particles (particle size: 5 μm; pore size: 10 nm) functionalized with cholesterol on the surface, followed by dissolution of the cholesterol-bonded silica gel with a NaOH aqueous solution. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs of the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles revealed good monodispersity and porous structure. The MIP particles were packed into a high performance liquid chromatographic column, and its recognition ability of cholesterol was evaluated using cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acid methyl esters by comparison with the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) particles prepared from styrene and divinylbenzene without cholesterol. The MIP particles showed a high affinity for cholesterol and cholesterol esters (K(MIP)'/K(NIP)' > 5.7).     

Preparation and performance analysis of PE-supported P(AN-co-MMA) gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery application

Copolymer, poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(AN-co-MMA)), was synthesized by solution polymerization with different mole ratios of monomers, acrylonitrile (AN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Polyethylene (PE) supported copolymer and gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) were prepared with this copolymer and their performances were characterized with FTIR, TGA, SEM, and electrochemical methods. It is found that the GPE using the PE-supported copolymer with AN to MMA = 4:1 (mole) exhibits an ionic conductivity of 2.06 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature. The copolymer is stable up to 270 °C. The PE-supported copolymer shows a cross-linked porous structure and has 150 wt% of electrolyte uptake. The GPE is compatible with anode and cathode of lithium ion battery at high voltage and its electrochemical window is 5.5 V (vs. Li/Li⁺). With the application of the PE-supported GPE in lithium ion battery, the battery shows its good rate and initial discharge capacity and cyclic stability.