LARGE-STRAIN CONSOLIDATION OF FOUNDATION WITH SAND DRAINS BASED ON HANSBO'S FLOW 1)

基于Gibson大变形固结理论，通过引入Hansbo渗流模型和软黏土非线性变形特性，同时考虑土层的沉积效应，分别建立了以孔隙比$e$和超孔压$u$表示的砂井地基大变形固结方程。通过与已有研究成果的对比，验证了本文方法的可靠性和砂井地基大变形固结方程两种描述方式的等效性。通过FlexPDE得到方程的数值解，在此基础上，研究了砂井地基大、小应变固结理论与Barron固结解的差异性，探讨了Hansbo渗流参数$m$和$I_1$对砂井地基固结的影响，最后对比分析了砂井地基轴对称固结、径向固结和竖向一维固结的关系。研究结果表明：考虑Hansbo渗流的砂井地基非线性大变形固结模型的固结速率最慢，且在固结后期，Hansbo渗流时大、小应变固结与Barron固结的平均固结度基本趋近；随着Hansbo渗流参数$m$和$I_1$的逐渐增大，砂井地基的固结速率逐渐降低；随着砂井影响半径的增大，砂井地基轴对称固结与径向固结的差异性也越来越大，且在固结早期会出现一维竖向固结速率高于轴对称固结和径向固结的现象。     

Selective Extraction and Separation of Thorium from Monazite Using N-Phenylbenzo-18-crown-6-hydroxamic Acid

A method for the liquid–liquid extraction, separation, preconcentration and trace determination of thorium with N-phenylbenzo-18-crown-6-hydroxamic acid (PBCHA) is described. Thorium is extracted from the dichloromethane solution of PBCHA at pH 4.5 which gives a colourless extract (_max 375nm, =1.5×10⁴Lmol^–1 cm^–1, linear range following Beers law 0.77–18.48µgmL^–1). The extract is directly inserted into the plasma for ICP-AES measurements of thorium. A linear calibration graph was obtained between 10 and 130ngmL^–1 of thorium. The proposed method has been applied for the separation and determination of thorium in the presence of several ions in monazite sand, rare earths, sand and sea water samples. The thorium-PBCHA complexes are very stable, having the formation constant (log ₂) 13.45 compared to lanthanum (log ₂) 2.95, cerium (log₂) 2.95 and uranium (log ₂) 3.80. Hence, thorium can easily be separated and determined in monazite sand.Received October 31, 2002; accepted April 13, 2003 Published online July 16, 2003     

加拿大油砂沥青减压渣油在CO/H2-H2O作用下的热改质特性研究

以加拿大油砂沥青大于420℃的减压渣油（BVR）为原料,对比研究其在CO/H₂-H₂O和N₂体系中的热改质特性,通过系统分析BVR在H₂-H₂O、CO-H₂O、N₂-H₂O等不同氢源下的热改质特性以揭示CO/H₂-H₂O对渣油热改质的作用机制,最后探讨合成气压力、含水量以及温度对BVR临CO/H₂-H₂O改质生焦倾向的影响。结果表明,与临氮改质相比,相同反应条件下,合成气和水可使BVR热改质的生焦诱导期延长3.5-6.5 min;相同生焦率（约0.1%）时,合成气和水可显著提升BVR热改质降黏率,410℃时相对临氮改质的降黏率为29.1%,而420℃时可达54.6%。比较不同氢源下BVR热改质的生焦诱导期、改质油黏度和安定性、渣油转化率发现,H₂-H₂O、CO-H₂O、N₂-H₂O等均对BVR热改质表现出与CO/H₂-H₂O相同的促进效果,各氢源作用活性的大小顺序为H₂-H₂O > CO/H₂-H₂O > CO-H₂O > N₂-H₂O。由此可知,CO/H₂-H₂O对渣油热改质的促进作用可归因于氢气、CO水热变换新生氢和水热裂解的综合效应,且其中氢气的作用仍最显著。合成气压力、含水量和反应温度可通过影响不同氢源的贡献而调控BVR临CO/H₂-H₂O改质生焦倾向。低成本易获取的合成气可以提供BVR热降黏改质所需氢源,水能够通过CO水热变换反应供出新生活泼氢而协同合成气实现BVR高效改质。     

Hydro-mechanical aspects of the sand production problem

This paper examines the hydro-mechanical aspect of the sand production problem and sets the basic frame of the corresponding mathematical modelling. Accordingly, piping and surface erosion effects are studied on the basis of mass balance and particle transport considerations as well as Darcy's law. The results show that surface erosion is accompanied by high changes of porosity and permeability close to the free surface. Quantities which can be measured in experiment, like the amount of produced solids or fluid discharge, can be used in an inverse way to determine the constitutive parameters of the problem.Notation dV Volume element - dV _s Volume of solids pt - dV _v Volume of voids - dV _ff Volume of fluid phase - dV _fs Volume of fluidized-particles - Volume of mixture - dM _s Mass of solids - dM _ff Mass of fluid phase - d _{M fs} Mass of fluidized-particles - Mass of mixture - s Density of solids - f Density of fluid - ff Density of fluid phase - fs Density of fluidized-particles - Density of mixture - _i ^ff Velocity of fluid - _i ^fs Velocity of fluidized-particles - _i ^s Velocity of solids - Velocity of mixture - q ^ff Volume-discharge of fluid - q ^fs Volume-discharge of fluidized-particles - Volume-discharge of mixture - m ^ff Mass-discharge of fluid - m ^fs Mass-discharge of fluidized-particles - Mass-discharge of mixture - _er Rate of mass-eroded - _dep Rate of mass-deposited - Mass generation term - dS _i Surface element - Pore-surface element - D _IJ Tensor of mechanical dispersion - x _i Location - t Time - Porosity - c Transport concentration - c _cr Critical value ofc - p Fluid-pressure - k Permeability coefficient - _k Kinematic viscosity - Spatial frequency of erosion starter points     

青海油砂矿的物理化学特性

油砂矿的物理、化学性质是其开发利用的关键因素之一 ;作者利用多种分析手段 ,揭示了青海出露油砂的特殊有机物化学组成与分布及其物理性质 ,其轻质组分含量很高 ,饱和烃含量高达近一半 ,而胶质、沥青质重组分含量低 (<38 % ) ,H和C原子比甚高 ,直链烷烃分布规整 ,主要集中在C19～C37 范围 ,物理参数处在普通重油范围内 ;该种物理、化学性质独特的出露油砂在全球为首次发现 ,是青海油砂矿特殊的地理地质环境所造成的 ,作者建议其开采宜采用钻井采油和露天开采依次进行的新组合方法     

Enthalpy of adsorption and adsorption isotherms of polyacrylamide on sea sand

The enthalpy of dilution of polyacrylamide 3530s (HPAM) solution, the enthalpy of adsorption of the polymer on sea sand, and the adsorption isotherms, were determined at 298. 15 K. The effect of NaCl on these properties were also determined. From the experimental results and certain assumptions, it was deduced that, for an adsorbedHPAM molecule, a large number of segments are in contact with the surface of the solid, some of them forming hydrogen-bonds, most of them belonging to Van der Waals interactions, which are much weaker than hydrogenbonds, and theHPAM molecules adsorbed on the surface of the solid are spread out.     

严重生物降解原油GC-MS特征及油源对比

图牧吉油砂位于松辽盆地边缘,搞清它的油源对于该地区的油气勘探有着十分重要的意义。气相色谱-质谱分析表明,该样品受到了严重的生物降解,部分用于对比的甾、萜烷生标标志物受到了降解,使与之有关的参数值发生了变化,给油源对比带来了困难。本研究采用抗生物降解的三环萜烷和四环萜烷等作生标对比参数,将图牧吉油砂与周边已知烃源岩的原油进行对比,确定了该生物降解油来自松辽盆地的嫩江组和青三口组烃源岩。该研究为严重生物降解原油的油源对比提供了有效的方法。     

青海出露油砂沥青的烃类组成分析

利用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱／质谱联机(GC／MS)检测了青海出露油砂沥青的烃类组成与分布。结果表明，其为陆源湖相有机质生成的原油经生物氧化降解形成的。由于所处的独特地理、地质环境，其生物氧化降解程度低，饱和烃含量甚高，分布规整，轻质组分很多，明显不同于其它地区的油砂沥青。鉴于其特殊的化学组成与分布，该油砂矿必须采用新的方式进行开采。     

兖州煤与催化裂化油浆共处理及其重质产物组成性质的初步研究

采用石家庄催化裂化油浆和兖州煤共处理，考察了反应条件对兖州煤转化及产物分布的影响，并应用棒状薄层色谱分析了共处理重质产物族组成的变化规律。结果表明，催化裂化油浆与兖州煤共处理，可大大提高兖州煤的转化率，共处理既可得到部分轻质油品，又可得到相当量的重质产物。ＴＬＣ／ＦＩＤ分析表明，催化裂化油浆与兖州煤共处理的重质产物与商用高等级道路沥青族组成近似，重质产物可用于制备高等组道路沥青。     

排水固结法的优化设计

经过排水固结法的经济分析及软土排水固结过程中的强度分析，提出了砂井参数及加载计划（工期）的优化设计方法。