On bimodal flutter behavior of a flexible airfoil

The dynamic aeroelastic behavior of an elastically supported airfoil is studied in order to investigate the possibilities of increasing critical flutter speed by exploiting its chord-wise flexibility. The flexible airfoil concept is implemented using a rigid airfoil-shaped leading edge, and a flexible thin laminated composite plate conformally attached to its trailing edge. The flutter behavior is studied in terms of the number of laminate plies used in the composite plate for a given aeroelastic system configuration. The flutter behavior is predicted by using an eigenfunction expansion approach which is also used to design a laminated plate in order to attain superior flutter characteristics. Such an airfoil is characterized by two types of flutter responses, the classical airfoil flutter and the plate flutter. Analysis shows that a significant increase in the critical flutter speed can be achieved with high plunge and low pitch stiffness in the region where the aeroelastic system exhibits a bimodal flutter behavior, e.g., where the airfoil flutter and the plate flutter occur simultaneously. The predicted flutter behavior of a flexible airfoil is experimentally verified by conducting a series of systematic aeroelastic system configurations wind tunnel flutter campaigns. The experimental investigations provide, for each type of flutter, a measured flutter response, including the one with indicated bimodal behavior.     

Irradiation preservation of Hangzhou White Chrysanthemum Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat. Tzvel)

A study on the irradiation preservation of Hangzhou White Chrysanthemum (HWC for short) was carried out to keep the quality of HWC and prolong its shelf life. The results showed that: 1). γ-irradiation with proper dosage was one of the key steps to prolong the shelf-life of HWC. After γ - treatment at the dose level of 3–5kGy, the laminated plastic film packed HWC could be stored in ambient temperature for over 300 days, remaining its original colour, aroma and taste. 2). Different dose rate had no effect on the treatment results. 3). The main quality indexes of HWC treated with 10.0 kGy γ - rays were not changed, moreover, it had the higher hygienic qualities.     

叠层橡胶隔震支座夹层受拉模型与分析：开裂机理与试验

为了研究叠层橡胶隔震支座的受拉性能及开裂破坏机理,本文基于叠层橡胶隔震支座橡胶夹层的受拉分析模型及橡胶夹层的应力与位移分布计算公式,分析不同形状系数的橡胶支座橡胶夹层的应力分布与变形规律（如橡胶层内外自由边的变形形状）,并基于理论分析结果,采用开裂能理论研究橡胶夹层的开裂能密度及梯度分布,据此分析橡胶夹层的开裂发生与发展规律,揭示其开裂破坏机理。最后通过叠层橡胶隔震支座的受拉性能试验进一步分析对比,试验结果表明了采用开裂能密度与梯度分析橡胶夹层的开裂破坏机理的可行性与合理性。     

Delamination of laminated composite plates by p-convergent partial discrete-layer elements with VCCT

The simulation of the delamination process in laminated composite plates is quite complex and requires advanced finite element modeling techniques. Failure analysis tools must be able to predict initiation, size and propagation of delamination process. This paper presents the p-convergent partial discrete-layer elements with the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) for the delamination analysis of laminated composite plates. The proposed element can be formulated by the suitable dimensional reduction from three-dimensional solid to two-dimensional plate. It is assumed that the piecewise linear variation of in-plane displacements and the constant value of out-of-plane displacements across the thickness. The higher-order approximation based on integrals of Legendre polynomials is used to define displacement fields. The three-dimensional VCCT is also slightly modified to incorporate with the proposed elements to estimate the energy release rate. The initiation of delamination occurs when the energy release rate for a displacement increment is same as the critical energy release rate corresponding to fracture toughness. The approach is to use a fracture mechanics criterion, but to avoid the complex moving mesh technique. At first, the validation and characteristic of the proposed elements are investigated on isotropic plates and orthotropic laminated plates, compared with referenced values. Then for fracture analysis, the efficiency of proposed approach is demonstrated with the help of additionally two problems such as the double-cantilever-beam test and the orthotropic laminated square plate with interior delamination.     

A layerwise C0-type higher order shear deformation theory for laminated composite and sandwich plates

A novel layerwise C⁰-type higher order shear deformation theory (layerwise C⁰-type HSDT) for the analysis of laminated composite and sandwich plates is proposed. A C⁰-type HSDT is used in each lamina layer and the continuity of in-plane displacements and transverse shear stresses at inner-laminar layer is consolidated. The present layerwise theory retains only seven variables without increasing the number of variables when the number of lamina layers are intensified. The shear stresses through the plate thickness derived from the constitutive equation of the present theory have the same shape as those calculated from the equilibrium equation. In addition, the artificial constraints are added in the principle of virtual displacements (PVD) and are certainly fulfilled through a penalty approach. In this paper, two C⁰-continuity numerical methods, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) and Bézier isogeometric element (BIEM) are utilized to solve a discrete system of equations derived from the PVD. Several numerical examples with various geometries, aspect ratios, stiffness ratios, and boundary conditions are investigated and compared with the 3D elasticity solution, the analytical, as well as, numerical solutions based on various plate theories.     

A Combined Static/Dynamic Technique for Damage Detection of Laminated Composite Plates

There is a growing demand to develop viable techniques for effective damage detection of composite structures, and the dynamics-based approach has been broadly used in structural health monitoring. A new combined static/dynamic technique for improved damage detection of laminated composite plates is presented. The promise of the technique is that under the sustaining static load, the abnormality of dynamic response due to damage may become more pronounced and easy to be detected. The experimental program consists of testing an E-glass/epoxy composite plate with an embedded delamination under a pre-set static compressive force, and the dynamic response of laminated composite plates is measured using two different actuator–sensor systems: (1) PZT (lead–zirconate–titanate) actuators and scanning laser vibrometer (SLV) sensing system (PZT–SLV), and (2) PZT actuators and Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) sensors (PZT–PVDF). The influence of sustaining static forces to dynamic response of delaminated composite plates is evaluated. The numerical finite element (FE) analysis is also conducted to verify the effectiveness of this technique. The experimental and numerical mode shapes are used to detect the presence, location, and size of the delamination and to study the effect of static load on dynamic response. Two relatively new damage detection algorithms (i.e., Simplified Gapped Smoothing Method (GSM) and Generalized Fractal Dimension (GFD)) are employed to analyze the Uniform Load Surface (ULS) calculated from the experimental and numerical data. From the dynamic response and analysis results using the damage detection algorithms, it is observed that as the sustaining static load increases, the delamination is much easier to be identified through the enlarged damage parameters. The present combined static/dynamic technique is capable of magnifying the effect of damage, thus improving the effectiveness of damage detection.     

3D free vibration analysis of laminated cylindrical shell integrated piezoelectric layers using the differential quadrature method

This paper addresses the free vibration problem of multilayered shells with embedded piezoelectric layers. Based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity, an approach combining the state space method and the differential quadrature method (DQM) is used. The shell has arbitrary end boundary conditions. For the simply supported boundary conditions closed-form solution is given by making the use of Fourier series expansion. Applying the differential quadrature method to the state space formulations along the axial direction, new state equations about state variables at discrete points are obtained for the other cases such as clamped or free end conditions. Natural frequencies of the hybrid laminated shell are presented by solving the eigenfrequency equation which can be obtained by using edges boundary condition in this state equation. Accuracy and convergence of the present approach is verified by comparing the natural frequencies with the results obtained in the literatures. Finally, the effect of edges conditions, mid-radius to thickness ratio, length to mid-radius ratio and the piezoelectric thickness on vibration behaviour of shell are investigated.     

An improved theory of laminated Reissner–Mindlin plates

Theories of laminated plates have been proposed that, although they lead to different plate equations, are based as ours on the assumptions that the three-dimensional deformation of each layer is of Reissner–Mindlin type and that displacement and traction vectors are continuous across layer interfaces. The distinctive feature of our present theory is that reactive stresses are associated with the internal constraints implicit in the assumed kinematics, and exploited to obtain an improved evaluation of the stress field in the three-dimensional layered body for which we propose a two-dimensional model. Application to equilibrium problems for rectangular and circular plates gives results that are in good agreement with the exact three-dimensional solutions of Levinson type we derived in a companion paper.     

Stability results for laminated beam with thermo-visco-elastic effects and localized nonlinear damping

In this article, we investigate a one-dimensional thermoelastic laminated beam system with nonlinear damping and viscoelastic dissipation on the effective rotation angle and through heat conduction in the interfacial slip equations. Under minimal conditions on the relaxation function and the relationship between the coefficients of the wave propagation speed of the first two equations, we show that the solution energy has an explicit and optimal decay rate from which the exponential and polynomial stability are just particular cases. Moreover, we establish a weaker decay result in the case of non-equal wave of speed propagation and give some examples illustrate our results. This work extends and improves the earlier results in the literature, particularly the result of Mukiawa et al. (2021).     

Free-edge interlaminar stress analysis of piezo-bonded composite laminates under symmetric electric excitation

A stress function-based approach is proposed to analyze the free-edge interlaminar stresses of piezo-bonded symmetric laminates. The proposed method satisfies the traction free boundary conditions, as well as surface free conditions. The symmetric laminated structure was excited under electric fields that can generate induced strain, resulting in pure extension in the laminated plate. The governing equations were obtained by taking the principle of complementary virtual work. To verify the proposed method, cross-ply, angle-ply and quasi-isotropic laminates were analyzed. The stress concentrations predicted by the present method were compared with those analyzed by the finite element method. The results show that the stress function-based analysis of piezo-bonded laminated composite structures is an efficient and accurate method for the initial design stage of piezo-bonded composite structures.