悬浮固化-分散液液微萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱测定纺织废水中磷系阻燃剂

建立了悬浮固化-分散液液微萃取结合液相色谱-串联质谱测定纺织废水中5种痕量磷系阻燃剂的方法。通过对萃取过程中萃取剂、分散剂的种类与体积、盐浓度、溶液pH值等对萃取效率的影响因素优化,确立了最佳萃取条件。采用了密度小于水的十一烷醇（400 μL）为萃取剂,甲醇（300 μL）为分散剂,控制溶液pH值在6~9之间,NaCl添加量为2 g,萃取时间为涡旋2 min。在优化的萃取条件下,该方法在2~100 μg/L均有良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.995,除二（2,3-二溴丙基）磷酸酯（BIS）的检出限为5 μg/L外,三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）、三（1,3-二氯-异丙基）磷酸酯（TDCP）、三（1-氮丙啶基）氧化膦（TEPA）和三（2,3-二溴丙基）磷酸酯（TRIS）的检出限均为2 μg/L。后整理、染色和印花等实际废水样品加标试验表明,方法的平均回收率为71.6%~114.5%,RSD为2.7%~11.2%（n=6）。对11个样品进行检测,其中3个废水样品检出TCEP与TDCP化合物,含量为2.6~3.4 μg/L。本方法简单,快速,灵敏度好且环保绿色,能够对纺织废水中的5种痕量磷系阻燃剂进行准确的定性与定量检测。     

基于低共熔溶剂的涡旋辅助悬浮固化-分散液液微萃取/高效液相色谱法测定水中三氯生与三氯卡班

建立了基于低共熔溶剂的涡旋辅助悬浮固化-分散液液微萃取(VA-DLLME-SFDES)结合高效液相色谱测定水样中三氯生和三氯卡班的新方法。合成了6种疏水性低共熔溶剂(DES)并测定其密度、熔点和辛醇-水分配系数(K_(OW))。选取其中低密度、合适凝固点的DES作为萃取剂,样品经涡旋辅助萃取后冷冻,萃取剂固化附着于离心管内壁,弃去水相后,融化离心进样。最佳萃取条件为:选取由薄荷醇∶十二醇(摩尔比为1∶2)制备的DES作为萃取剂,萃取剂用量为70μL,水样pH值调至5.0,涡旋时间为1 min。在最优条件下,三氯生和三氯卡班分别在0.59～100μg/L和0.26～100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r~2=0.999 8),方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.08～0.18μg/L,富集倍数为141～148倍,回收率为86.0%～115%,日内精密度(n=6)和日间精密度(n=6)均不大于5.4%。该方法简便、快速,且萃取相易于收集,适用于水中三氯生和三氯卡班的测定。     

岩石力学与工程问题的DDA和NMM模拟研究进展

全面回顾了非连续变形分析(DDA)方法与数值流形方法(NMM)在岩石力学与工程问题模拟领域的研究与应用进展。首先论述了相关理论与算法的研究现状,包括DDA中旋转虚假体积膨胀及能量损耗问题的解决,开裂破坏模拟的子块体单元DDA方法和节点DDA方法,以及颗粒DDA方法的发展等;也包括对NMM开裂破坏模拟能力及双重覆盖系统的研究,无网格NMM及粒子NMM的发展等;其中还涉及单纯形积分、高阶方法、材料本构模型、显式与并行计算的研究等;此外还对接触相关问题的研究进行了专门论述。随后,对DDA与NMM在岩体边坡失稳与落石、地下岩体结构的变形与破坏、应力波传播与岩石爆破、岩体结构地震破坏与失稳及岩体锚固工程领域的代表性研究与应用工作进行了详细论述。在此基础上,凝练和论述了DDA和NMM研究与应用面临的主要问题与挑战,包括计算控制参数、计算效率、多物理场、三维方法、程序的商业化开发等,并给出了相应的对策建议。     

LOCAL BENDING OF THIN FILM ON VISCOUS LAYER

Effects of deposition layer position film are systematically investigated. Because the and number/density on local bending of a thin deposition layer interacts with the thin film at the interface and there is an offset between the thin film neutral surface and the interface, the deposition layer generates not only axial stress but also bending moment. The bending moment induces an instant out-of-plane deflection of the thin film, which may or may not cause the socalled local bending. The deposition layer is modeled as a local stressor, whose location and density are demonstrated to be vital to the occurrence of local bending. The thin film rests on a viscous layer, which is governed by the Navier-Stokes equation and behaves like an elastic foundation to exert transverse forces on the thin film. The unknown feature of the axial constraint force makes the governing equation highly nonlinear even for the small deflection chse. The constraint force and film transverse deflection are solved iteratively through the governing equation and the displacement constraint equation of immovable edges. This research shows that in some special cases, the deposition density increase does not necessarily reduce the local bending. By comparing the thin film deflections of different deposition numbers and positions, we also present the guideline of strengthening or suppressing the local bending.     

THEORY OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS

In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material （SAM）. This review focuses on one class of soft active materials： dielectric elastomers. When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness, the membrane reduces thickness and expands area, possibly straining over 100%. The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications, including soft robots, adaptive optics, Braille displays, and electric generators. This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations. The theory couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity. The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations, predicts the efficiency of electromechanical energy conversion, and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation. It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices.     

关于流体力学中的几个基本概念的再解读

对流体力学课程中的几个基本概念,如:变形、连续介质假设、流体微团、欧拉描述等,进行了深入解读,探讨了这些概念所代表的本来含义以及所可能产生的疑惑与误区.通过解读分析,能够澄清学生的一些模糊认识,帮助学生从正反两方面理解这些概念,建立起对流体力学的基本的正确的认知.     

Precipitate Contribution to the Acoustic Nonlinearity in Nickel-Based Superalloy

The influence of γ′ precipitate on the acoustic nonlinearity is investigated for a nickel-based superalloy, which is subjected to creep deformation. During creep deformation, the cuboidal γ′ precipitate is preferentially coarsened in a direction perpendicular to the applied stress axis. The length and shape factor of the γ′ precipitate increase with creep time. The increase of relative acoustic nonlinearity with increasing fraction of creep life is discussed in relation to the rafting of γ′ precipitate, which is closely related to the scattering and distortion of the acoustic wave     

纯铁和铁基合金楔形样品中的冲击相变

2005年，Koflov等对滑移爆轰加载下的楔形纯铁DT-2样品进行了研究，样品仅在斜面部分发生了局部层裂，材料中明显存在不同的几个区域：材料无破坏区域、层裂开始和发展区域、加载表面-高能炸药接触面、满足α-ε相变条件的加载表面邻近区域和初始状态为硼发生高应变率变形的材料区域。但是滑移爆轰加载波系作用非常复杂，无法准确给出各区域宏细观变形破坏所对应的加载应力状态。