Enantioseparation of chiral aromatic acids by multiple dual mode counter‐current chromatography using hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector

This work concentrates on extending the utilization of multiple dual mode (MDM) counter‐current chromatography in chiral separations. Two aromatic acids, 2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)propionic acid (NAP) and 2‐phenylpropionic acid (2‐PPA), were enantioseparated by MDM counter‐current chromatography using hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) as chiral selector. The two‐phase solvent systems consisting of n‐hexane/ethyl acetate 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer pH 2.67 containing 0.1 mol/L HP‐β‐CD (7.5:2.5:10 for NAP and 7:3:10 for 2‐PPA, v/v/v) were used. Conventional MDM and modified MDM were compared according to peak resolution under current separation mechanism. The influence of elution time after the first‐phase inversion and number of cycles for MDM were investigated. Peak resolution of NAP and 2‐PPA increased from 0.62 to 1.05 and 0.72 to 0.84, respectively, using optimized MDM conditions. Being an alternative elution method for counter‐current chromatography, MDM elution greatly improved peak resolution in chiral separations.     

Open tubular columns with mixed‐mode reversed‐phase and weak anion‐exchange stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography

Columns for open tubular capillary electrochromatography, coated with a mixed‐mode (RP/ion‐exchange) stationary phase, were prepared by using the sol–gel method. The synthetic procedure was optimized by changing the ratios of tetraethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane, and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane in the initial sol. SEM studies reveal that a coating with about 400 nm thickness can be obtained. The inner surface properties of these capillaries were probed by measuring the EOF as a function of pH. The surface of this stationary phase contains octyl, amine, and residual silanol moieties; the amine and silanol groups determine the net charge on the inner surface of the capillary and can produce a switchable EOF (anodal/cathodal). The performances of the columns were evaluated by open tubular capillary electrochromatography using a wide range of compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic acids, and aromatic amines).     

Energetics of aminomethylpyrimidines: An examination of the aromaticity of nitrogen heteromonocyclic derivatives

The standard (p^o = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation, in the gaseous phase, at the reference temperature of 298.15 K, of 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine ((98.1 ± 1.6) kJ · mol⁻¹), 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine ((55.9 ± 1.8) kJ · mol⁻¹) and 4-amino-2,6-dimethylpyrimidine ((60.1 ± 1.8) kJ · mol⁻¹) were calculated from the enthalpies of formation, in the crystalline phase, and enthalpies of sublimation, derived, respectively, from static bomb combustion calorimetry and Knudsen effusion technique results. In order to quantify the resonance effects arising from the substitution on the pyrimidine ring, hypothetical isodesmic reactions were used to analyze the experimental gaseous-phase enthalpies of formation. The aromaticity of benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine and the substituted pyrimidines was investigated in terms of magnetic (NICS), geometric (HOMA), electronic (Shannon aromaticity, QTAIMs ring critical point properties and HOMO–LUMO gap), reactive (hardness), vibrational (Kekulé mode) and spectroscopic (UV–Vis) properties.     

人类谷胱甘肽硫转移酶家族等位基因蛋白B与抑制剂作用模型的理论研究

采用分子动力学模拟方法系统地研究了谷胱甘肽硫转移酶家族(Glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)的等位基因蛋白B(GSTP1*B)与抑制剂利尿酸(EA)以及EA的谷胱甘肽(GSH)共轭物EAG(I),EAG(O)的具体结合方式.抑制剂及其谷胱甘肽共轭物与蛋白的相互作用能计算结果及分子动力学轨迹的统计分析结果表明,GSTP1*B与EA的谷胱甘肽共轭物的结合能力优于其与EA的结合能力,Phe8,Arg13,Trp38和Tyr108是作用过程中的关键残基,对稳定抑制剂及其谷胱甘肽共轭物在GSTP1*B的G和H位点的构象具有重要的作用.通过对构象的统计分析发现,残基Phe8和Tyr108与GSTP1*B酶对抑制剂的选择性密切相关.     

湖南辰溪特高有机硫煤的稀土元素特征及其成因

采用高分辨率电感耦合等离子质谱(HR-ICP-MS)技术测定辰溪晚二叠世高有机硫(7.75%)煤中的稀土元素(REEs)。辰溪煤中∑REE变化较大,从38.84 μg/g至305.85 μg/g,加权平均值为104.57 μg/g,高于世界煤均值,与中国煤相近。辰溪煤中有明显的Ce负异常(δCe=0.74~0.84)和Eu的负异常(δEu=0.55~0.69)。煤层剖面上稀土元素含量和分布模式的变化反映了成煤环境的波动,从底板到顶板陆源物质的影响减弱,而海水的影响增强。沉积环境的阶段性变化是导致剖面上下有机硫与黄铁矿硫比值相差悬殊的原因。辰溪煤中稀土元素与铁呈现了显著的正相关性(n=11,r=0.95),说明其物质来源和富集条件有一定相似性,即陆源物质和海水共同影响的结果。稀土元素的分布模式以及∑REE与灰分、Si、Al的相关性说明了其主要来源于陆源物质;辰溪煤中δCe与δEu在剖面上变化很小,说明海水对煤中的稀土元素存在重新改造的作用。     

A new memory effect: smectic liquid crystalline memory having both conductive and optical memory

In order to compensate for light leakage in the oblique viewing directions of the dark state of the horizontal-switching mode such as the in-plane switching and fringe field switching modes. The viewing angle performance of the horizontal-switching mode with an compensation film has been evaluated on a case by case basis according to the retardation values of the films. Consequently, we found that a much better dark state can be achieved by using an optimised compensation film.     

A convenient synthesis and the mesomorphic properties of new chiral ferroelectric thiobenzoates

A secondary chiral (R)-(?)-2-alcohol underwent the Mitsunobu reaction with triphenylphosphine, diethyl azodicarboxylate and ethyl 4-hydroxybiphenylcarboxylate, resulting in the desired (S)-(+)-product with high enantiomeric purity (>99% ee), with the chiral branched chain attached to the biphenyl. This method is operationally simple and provides the very important chiral precursor in good yields (62% in dry THF and 72% in dry Et₂O). The condensation of the (S)-(+)-acid chloride from this material and a suitable 4-n-alkylthiophenol in toluene in the presence of pyridine or triethylamine furnishes the chiral (S)-(+)-thiobenzoate liquid crystals in good yields (80–83% in pyridine and 65–68% in Et₃N). (S)-(+)-4-(1-Methylheptyloxy)biphenyl 4-alkylthiobenzoates are abbreviated (S)-MHOBSn , where n varies from 4 to 10 and denotes the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. DSC, polarizing microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that the (S)-MHOBSn series possesses a rich phase polymorphism: two highly ordered tilted phases CrG* and SmI*, as well as the ferroelectric smectic C (SmC*) and chiral nematic (N*) phase. In this series, the seldom observed transition between the chiral phases SmI*–SmC* is seen. All the compounds possess stable enantiotropic SmC* and N* phases. The existence of weak intermolecular hydrogen-bonding in (S)-MHOBSn was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy.     

X-ray diffraction and dielectric spectroscopy studies on a partially fluorinated ferroelectric liquid crystal from the family of terphenyl esters

The fluorinated compound, (S)-4′′-(6-perfluoropentanoyoxyhexyl-1-oxy)-2′,3′-difluoro-4-(1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)-[1,1′:4′,1′′]-terphenyl, which exhibits antiferroelectric SmC_A*, ferroelectric SmC* and paraelectric SmA* phases, has been investigated by polarising optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and frequency-dependent dielectric spectroscopy methods. X-ray studies have revealed that the layer thickness remains almost constant in the SmA* phase but within the SmC* and SmC_A* phases it decreases with decreasing temperature, a step jump being observed only at the SmA*–SmC* transition. The tilt angle in the SmC_A* phase decreases from 22.2° to 19.5°, and in the SmC* phase it decreases from 18.8° to 5.5°. Spontaneous polarisation is found to be quite high and varies between 74.1 and 118.7 nC cm^?2. The variation in ε′ and ε′′ with temperature shows a discontinuous change at the transition temperatures. Goldstone mode relaxation is only observed in the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases and is found to be of the Cole–Cole type. The soft mode is observed on application of a bias field near the SmC*–SmA* transition. Neither the soft mode nor the anti-phase azimuthal angle fluctuation mode is observed in SmC_A*. Rotational viscosity decreases quite rapidly with temperature but in a different manner in the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases. Activation energy for this process is found to be 48.14 kJ mol^?1 in the SmC* phase.     

Banana-shaped mesogens: effect of lateral substituents on seven-ring esters containing a biphenyl moiety

The synthesis and characterization of five homologous series of symmetrical compounds composed of banana-shaped molecules containing a biphenyl moiety are reported. All these compounds are non-Schiff's bases and are esters. The effects of lateral substituents such as fluoro, methyl and ethyl in the side arms of these molecules are examined. These substituents have a strong influence in reducing the clearing temperatures. Banana phases such as B1, B2 and B6 were observed in the above series of compounds. The mesophases were characterized by a combination of polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and electro-optic studies.