The Adsorption of Herbicides and Pesticides on Clay Minerals and Soils. Part 1. Isoproturon

The adsorption of isoproturon and two model compounds, N,N-dimethylurea and4-isopropylaniline, on clay minerals (bentonite,montmorillonite and kaolinite), organic matter (humic acid) and soil (with and without organic matter) has been studied using FT-infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).N,N-dimethylurea interacted with bentonite and montmorillonite by the coordination of the carbonyl group, directly or indirectly through water molecules, with exchangeable cations. Adsorption on humic acid was due to hydrogen bonding with the active sites of the adsorbent. The amino group ofN,N-dimethylurea appears tobe relatively inactive during adsorption. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of 4-isopropylaniline were hydrogen bonding and protonation. No adsorption of 4-isopropylaniline was observed on kaolinite. The investigation of isoproturon suggested that both the carbonyl and amino groups of isoproturon were involved in interactions with the active sites of the adsorbents. Both the clay minerals and organic matter of soil contribute to the adsorption of organic compounds on soil but the clay minerals bentonite and montmorillonite play a major role in their adsorption on soil.     

Optimization of instrumental parameters for flow injection analysis-thermospray tandem mass spectrometry

Summary Optimization of signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) by optimizing electron multiplier (EM) voltage and resolution of the first and second mass analyser in a thermospray (TSP), tandem mass spectrometer system is studied. Using flow injection analysis (FIA) of samples containing eight chlorophenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides and bentazone, and a FIA system, the signal and background (noise) intensity i.e. S/N are studied with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) at different EM voltages. An EM voltage of 2500 V improves the S/N ratios 5.5–13 fold compared to the usual 1700 V. Applying additional resolution voltages of +3 to +4 V to the first and second mass analyser decreases resolution in each mass analyser, but there is no overall loss in selectivity, while the S/N ratios further increase 3–4 fold. The selectivity of measurements was studied using 2,4,5-T ((2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) and triclopyr, which differ only one mass unit in the selection of the parent and daughter ion mass in the applied SRM method. Resolution could be decreased to 36–54% valley definition, while still ensuring the selectivity. With the herbicides studied, screening of surface water samples spiked at the 1 g l^–1 level, corresponding to 25 pg component s^–1 into the MS, is easily achieved under optimum conditions without analyte concentration. Some sample clean-up is recommended, however, because ionization efficiencies tend to diminish with some of the raw sample studied.     

N-[2-(4-甲基)嘧啶基]-N′-2-硝基苯磺酰脲的合成、晶体结构、生物活性及其与酵母AHAS的分子对接

合成了磺酰脲化合物N-[2-(4-甲基)嘧啶基]-N′-2-硝基苯磺酰脲, 用元素分析、红外、核磁共振氢谱对产物进行了表征, 培养并测定了其晶体结构. 晶体属三斜晶系, 空间群, 晶胞参数a＝0.54159(1) nm, b＝1.1533(3) nm, c＝1.1857(4) nm, α＝83.907(6)°, β＝81.048(5)°, γ＝77.637(4)°, V＝0.7126(4) nm³, D_c＝1.572 g/cm³, Z＝2, F(000)＝348, R＝0.0659, wR＝0.1217. 在晶体结构中, 杂环上的一个N原子与脲桥上邻近的N原子上的H构成分子内氢键. 测定了对酵母AHAS的离体抑制活性, 其抑制常数K_i为(2.48±0.35)×10^－7 mol/L. 用分子对接方法, 将目标化合物晶体结构对接到靶酶酵母AHAS的活性位点, 发现对接完毕目标化合物的构象与复合物晶体中的磺酰脲分子构象接近, 并得到了合理的生物活性预测值. 该研究为进一步理解磺酰脲类的分子结构、药物活性并设计新的分子提供了帮助和指导.     

Evaluation of double solid-phase extraction system for determining triazine herbicides in milk

Summary High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was used to determine eight triazine herbicides in milk. Solid-phase extraction was performed using a double trap; first, a nonspecific adsorbent (Carbograph), and then a cation exchanger (SCX).Eluate from the SCX was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and redissolved in mobile phase. An aliquot was injected into the chromatography, which was operated isocratically in the reverse-phase mode with UV detection at 225 nm.Analytical recoveries for the eight triazines ranged from 73.0% to 92.4%. The limit of sensitivity of this method was about 0.09 ng mL^–1 of milk. The method was validated and evaluated by comparison with a method reported in literature.     

“一锅法”制备氨基碳纳米管功能化磁性纳米粒子及其在谷物和蔬菜中苯氧羧酸类除草剂测定中的应用北大核心CSCD

有效萃取是分析复杂样品中苯氧羧酸类除草剂(PAs)残留的关键步骤。为此,该文利用“一锅法”水热技术快速、简便地制备了氨基碳纳米管功能化磁性纳米粒子(NH-CNTs@M)并作为磁固相萃取(MSPE)的萃取介质,用于萃取谷物和蔬菜样品中痕量PAs。研究利用多种手段对NH-CNTs@M的形貌、尺寸、磁性性质等进行了表征,结果表明FeO的粒径、氨基化碳纳米管的直径以及NH-CNTs@M的磁饱和值分别为30 nm、40 nm和44.2 emu/g。详细考察了制备条件和萃取参数对NH-CNTs@M/MSPE萃取性能的影响,结果表明,NH-CNTs@M/MSPE可通过π-π、疏水和氢键作用有效富集目标化合物,最佳萃取条件如下:吸附剂用量为30 mg,解吸溶剂为含2.0%(v/v)甲酸的乙腈溶液,吸附时间和解吸时间分别为8.0 min和3.0 min,基底pH值为6.0,不调节基底的离子强度。将NH-CNTs@M/MSPE与高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测技术(HPLC-DAD)联用,建立了谷物和蔬菜中PAs的灵敏检测方法。谷物和蔬菜基质中苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检出限(LOD,S/N=3)分别为0.32~1.6μg/kg和0.53~1.6μg/kg,定量限(LOQ,S/N=10)分别为0.94~4.8μg/kg和1.6~4.8μg/kg。在两种实际样品中不同浓度下的加标回收率分别为73.1%~112%和72.3%~113%。与现有方法相比,所建方法具有萃取速度快、灵敏度高和环境友好等特点。     

On the Adsorption and Reduction of the Herbicide Picloram on Mercury and Carbon Electrodes

At concentrations higher than 2?10^?4 M , and below pH 3, the cyclic voltammograms of picloram (=4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid) on Hg electrodes show two prepeak systems (named I and II attending to the proximity to the main reductions peak), which can be attributed to the weak adsorption of reactant and the strong adsorption of the product at the electrode surface. The system II is due to the uncharged form of picloram, and system I to the picloram protonated at the pyridine N‐atom. Small amounts of the surfactant Triton X‐100 (=α‐[4‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]‐ω‐hydroxypoly(oxyethane‐1,2‐diyl)) cause the disappearance of system I, the shift of system II, and also affect the intensities and widths of anodic and cathodic peaks but not the charge passed in each peak. Thus, the adsorption process responsible for the appearance of system I is inhibited by the presence of Triton; by contrast, the process corresponding to system II is only modified by the surfactant, becoming an electrochemical process occurring at the potentials corresponding to system II, which is more reversible than that observed in the absence of Triton. The addition of Triton permitted the analysis of the main reduction process. Convolution voltammetry of the main reduction peak is consistent with the loss of a Cl‐atom in equilibrium which occurs after a reversible electron transfer and is followed by the reductions of both species present in the equilibrium (Scheme 2). This is also the reduction mechanism on a glassy carbon electrode but the electron transfer on the carbon electrode increases with respect to the mercury electrodes; in addition, the loss of the Cl‐atom does not take place on the electrode surface. From the recording of differential capacity–potential curves, it was concluded that picloram is adsorbed on the carbon electrode; but this adsorption is too weak to induce the appearance of prepeak systems.     

Design,synthesis and evaluation of novel cis-p-menthane type Schiff base compounds as effective herbicides

p-Menthane type monoterpene derivatives were identified as bio-based compounds with high herbicidal activities. In order to search novel p-menthane type monoterpene derivatives in good performance, a series of novel cis-p-menthane type Schiff base derivatives were designed and synthesized. All target products were easily available novel compounds and characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and ESI⁺- MS. Their pre-emergence herbicidal activities against annual ryegrass were evaluated. The bioassays indicated that most of the target compounds displayed excellent herbicidal activities in pre-emergence treatment.     

分子印迹磁固相萃取/气相色谱法分析环境水样中5种酰胺类除草剂残留

以丁草胺为假模板分子,丙烯酰胺为功能单体,利用四氧化三铁磁性纳米微球成功制备了具有特异性识别能力的磁性分子印迹聚合物。采用透射电子显微镜、红外光谱和振动样品磁强计对印迹聚合物进行表征,结果显示,分子印迹聚合物成功包裹在四氧化三铁表面。印迹聚合物对5种酰胺类除草剂均有特异性识别作用。以磁性分子印迹聚合物为基础,建立了酰胺类除草剂的气相色谱检测方法。方法学验证表明该方法具有良好的回收率(85.0%~99.5%)和精密度(RSD为2.8%~5.0%,n=5),线性范围为0.1~500μg·L~(-1),检出限为0.02~0.05μg·L~(-1)。该方法能够应用于农田灌溉用水等环境水样的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定复杂基质食品中二硝基苯胺类除草剂残留量

建立了测定茶叶、大豆和鸡肝等复杂基质食品样品中8种二硝基苯胺类除草剂(氟乐灵、二甲戊乐灵、仲丁灵、异乐灵、磺乐灵、氨基乙氟灵、氨磺乐灵和氨基丙氟灵)残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。分析物采用电喷雾电离,正离子扫猫,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。8种二硝基苯胺类除草剂的定量下限均为0.010 mg/kg。在0.010~0.100 mg/kg加标范围内,回收率为75.9%~113%,相对标准偏差为1.7%~19.0%。该方法高效、灵敏,适用于茶叶、大豆和鸡肝等复杂基质食品中二硝基苯胺类除草剂多残留的测定。     

Activity antifungal of the essential oils; aqueous and ethanol extracts from Citrus aurantium L.

Our study is about the essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. in Tunisia and its plant extract. The yield of this essential oil is 0, 56% but the yield of the extract of plant was 17.1% for the aqueous extract ant 18.3% for the ethanolic extract. The analysis of chemical composition by using GC and GC/MS showed the essential oil of C. aurantium L. species to be rich in monoterpenes such as α-terpineol, lianolyl acetate, linalool and limonene. The antifungal activity of this oil showed us an inhibition of the germination of mushrooms, in the same way we could note that the biologic activities are generally assigned to the chemotypes high content in oxygenated monoterpene.