石墨烯-管尖固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定贝类中10种脂溶性贝类毒素

以石墨烯为吸附剂，制作了石墨烯-管尖固相萃取装置，结合液相色谱-串联质谱，建立了一种同时测定贝类中10种脂溶性贝类毒素的方法。实验对提取剂、石墨烯的用量、淋洗剂的种类和用量、洗脱剂的种类和用量等实验参数进行了详细优化。在最优的实验条件下，10种脂溶性贝类毒素在各自相应浓度范围内线性良好，相关系数均大于0.99，方法检出限（LOD）和定量限（LOQ）分别在0.1~1.1 μg/kg和0.3~3.2 μg/kg之间；对阴性牡蛎样品进行3个水平的加标回收实验，10种脂溶性贝类毒素的回收率在72.0%~101.2%之间，相对标准偏差小于15%。结果表明，该方法灵敏度高，操作简单高效，适用于贝类水产品中脂溶性贝类毒素的检测分析。     

Elucidation of the fragmentation pathways of azaspiracids, using electrospray ionisation, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, and multiple-stage mass spectrometry

Collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra were generated for azaspiracids using electrospray ionisation (ESI), and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange was used to ascertain the number and type of replaceable hydrogens in the three predominant azaspiracid toxins. H/D exchange was conveniently achieved using deuterated solvents for liquid chromatography (LC). Using ion-trap mass spectrometry, multiple-stage CID experiments (MS(n)) on the protonated and fully exchanged ions were performed to decipher characteristic fragmentation pathways. The precursor and product ions from azaspiracids lost up to five water molecules from different regions during MS(n) experiments and it was possible to distinguish between the water losses from different molecular regions. These studies confirmed that the first water-loss ion in the spectra of azaspiracids resulted from dehydration at the vicinal diol at C20-C21. Five MS dissociation pathways were identified that resulted from fragmentation of the carbon skeleton of azaspiracids producing nitrogen-containing ions. Two pathways, involving cleavage of the E-ring and C27-C28, gave ions that were found in all azaspiracids. Three pathways, A-ring, C-ring and C19-C20 cleavages, were useful for distinguishing between azaspiracid analogues. The same product ions from backbone fragmentation were also observed using hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QqTOFMS). The fragmentation of the A-ring was the most facile and was exploited in the development of LC/MS(n) methods for the analysis of azaspiracids.     

贝类体内麻痹性贝类毒素的提取方法研究

采用浓度系列为0.04、0.07、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.40、0.50、0.70、1.0 mol/L的HCl和HAc溶液作为提取液,分别取10 mL提取液与10 g栉孔扇贝性腺混合,在沸水浴中加热5 min提取麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP);同时采用0.3 mol/L HAc和0.2 mol/L HCl,于冰水浴中进行超声波提取麻痹性贝类毒素5~30 min。提取完成后将混合物于4℃冷冻离心机内离心5 min(3500 r/min),取上清液并以0.1 mol/L NaOH或5 mol/L HCl调整至pH为2.0~4.0。经超滤膜过滤后的提取液以高效液相色谱柱后衍生荧光检测法进行毒素分析,研究毒素组分间的转化关系和提取效率,并与超声波提取法进行了比较。结果表明,采用0.04~0.25 mol/L HCl和0.04~1.0 mol/L HAc从贝肉中提取PSP毒素,各毒素组分浓度差异不大,当HCl浓度大于0.25 mol/L时,N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C1浓度急剧降低,HCl浓度大于0.5 mol/L时,N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素C2和GTX5浓度急剧降低,三者在酸度过大的情况下分解或转化为膝沟藻毒素-2(GTX2),膝沟藻毒素-3(GTX3)和石房蛤毒素(STX)。在相同浓度酸的情况下,超声波提取液中C1毒素的浓度显著低于沸水浴提取法,但C2的浓度略高于沸水浴提取液。     

准静态扫集胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定扇贝样品中的贝类毒素

采用准静态扫集胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)法测定了扇贝样品中的2种贝类毒素。毛细管内首先充满含十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的缓冲溶液,调节缓冲溶液的pH值,使电渗流等于SDS胶束的电泳流速,电动进样时,带正电荷的贝类毒素离子被SDS扫集吸附,由于SDS在毛细管内处于准静止状态,可使进样时间延长至320 s。与常规电动进样MEKC相比,石房蛤毒素和软骨藻酸的检测灵敏度分别提高950和810倍。该方法对石房蛤毒素和软骨藻酸的检出限分别为0.05,0.12 ng/m L。方法可实现对扇贝样品中2种贝类毒素的快速、灵敏检测。     

Solid-phase extraction-fluorimetric high performance liquid chromatographic determination of domoic acid in natural seawater mediated by an amorphous titania sorbent

The feasibility of using sol-gel amorphous titania (TiO₂) as a solid-phase sorbent for the pre-concentration of domoic acid (DA), a potent amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin, directly from seawater was explored. The sol-gel titania material is able to adsorb DA from seawater, via the formation of ester-linkage between the carboxylic moieties of DA and the Ti-OH groups on the sorbent surface, at low pH and desorb it at high pH. The chemisorption process is not significantly interfered by the seawater matrix. The optimum pH values for the adsorption and desorption of DA were found to be pH 4 and 11, respectively. The optimal sorbent loading for the batch-type solid-phase extraction of DA was 0.67 mg-TiO₂ ng-DA⁻¹ and adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 2 h at room temperature. The desorbed DA in 500 μL of 0.1 M alkaline borate buffer can be directly derviatized by 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) in aqueous media for fluorimetric HPLC quantification. Analyte recovery, repeatability and detection limit of this titania SPE-fluorimetric HPLC determination are 89%, 6.2% and 120 pg-DA mL⁻¹ (n = 7, P < 0.05), respectively, for a sample volume of 30 mL. This titania SPE technique should also be applicable to the pre-concentration of other polar carboxylate- and phosphonate-containing biomolecules and pharmaceuticals in complex and interfering environmental sample matrices.     

Proximate Composition,Antioxidant Properties,and Hepatoprotective Activity of Three Species of Shellfish of the Pacific Coast of Russia

The objective of the present study was to investigate the proximate composition, antiradical properties and hepatoprotective activity of three species of shellfish, Corbicula japonica, Spisula sachalinensis, and Anadara broughtonii, from the coastal areas of Far East Russia. Biologically active peptides such as taurine (3.74 g/100 g protein) and ornithine (2.12 g/100 g protein) have been found in the tissues of A. broughtonii. C. japonica contains a high amount of ornithine (5.57 g/100 g protein) and taurine (0.85 g/100 g protein). The maximum DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity (36.0 µg ascorbic acid/g protein and 0.68 µmol/Trolox equiv/g protein, respectively) was determined for the tissue of C. japonica. The protein and peptide molecular weight distribution of the shellfish tissue water extracts was investigated using HPLC. It was found that the amount of low molecular weight proteins and peptides were significantly and positively correlated with radical scavenging activity (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.96), while the amount of high molecular weight proteins negatively correlated with radical scavenging activity (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = −0.86). Hepatoprotective activity, measured by the survival rate of HepG2 hepatocytes after cotreatment with t-BHP, was detected for C. japonica. The highest protection (95.3 ± 2.4%) was achieved by the cold water extract of C. japonica at the concentration of 200 mg/mL. Moreover, oral administration of hot water extract of C. japonica to rats before the treatment with CCl₄ exhibited a markedly protective effect by lowering serum levels of ALT and AST, inhibiting the changes in biochemical parameters of functional state of rat liver, including MDA, SOD, GSH and GST.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of esterified diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxins

Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins-1 and -2 (DTX1, DTX2), the toxins responsible for incidents of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), can occur as complex mixtures of ester derivatives in both plankton and shellfish. Alkaline hydrolysis is usually employed to release parent OA/DTX toxins, and analyses are conducted before and after hydrolysis to determine the concentrations of nonesterified and esterified toxins. Recent research has shown that other toxins, including pectenotoxins and spirolides, can also exist as esters in shellfish, but these toxins cannot survive alkaline hydrolysis. A promising alternative approach is enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, two enzymatic methods were developed for the hydrolysis of 7-O-acyl esters, “DTX3,” and the carboxylate esters of OA, “diol-esters.” Porcine pancreatic lipase induced complete conversion of DTX3 to OA and DTXs within one hour for reference solutions. The presence of mussel tissue matrix reduced the rate of hydrolysis, but an optimized lipase concentration resulted in greater than 95% conversion within four hours. OA-diol-ester was hydrolyzed by porcine liver esterase and was completely converted to OA in less than 30 min, even in the presence of mussel tissue matrix. Esters and OA/DTX toxins were all monitored by LC–MS. Further experiments with pectenotoxin esters indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis could also be applied to esters of other toxins. Enzymatic hydrolysis has excellent potential as an alternative to the conventional alkaline hydrolysis procedure used in the preparation of shellfish samples for the analysis of toxins.     

广州市售四种贝类重金属含量分析及评价

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法,对广州市售4种食用贝类体内Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、As进行检测,分析其重金属污染状况,对其质量安全进行评价。结果表明,缢蛏、波纹巴非蛤、丽文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb含量均低于国家无公害标准,而As含量均超过国家无公害标准。分析认为,广州市售4种贝类已受到一定程度的As污染,应引起重视。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定贝类中64种农药残留

建立了加速溶剂同步萃取净化-气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）同时测定贝类中64种农药残留的方法。加速溶剂萃取的萃取溶剂为90%（v/v）乙腈水溶液,萃取温度为85℃、冲洗体积60%萃取池体积、循环次数1次,同时使用0.8 g N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）和0.8 g石墨化炭黑（GCB）在线净化,提取液浓缩定容后,在多反应监测（MRM）模式下测定,外标法定量。结果表明,64种农药在10.0~1000 μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,决定系数（r²）均大于0.989,方法的定量限为2.0~10.0 μg/kg;对文蛤空白基质进行加标回收试验,添加水平为5.0、10.0和100 μg/kg以及定量限水平,得到的平均回收率为69.4%~129.7%,精密度为0.7%~16.0%（n=6）。该方法提取和净化同步完成,操作简单,重复性好,灵敏度高,能够满足于贝类水产品中多种农药残留的同时筛查。     

固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定贝类中3种短裸甲藻毒素

建立了同时测定贝类中3种短裸甲藻毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。样品采用丙酮提取、C18固相萃取柱净化;以5 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0. 1%甲酸)-乙腈为流动相,ACQUITYTMUPLC BEH C18色谱柱进行分离,在多反应监测模式下进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明,3种目标物在1. 0～100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数(r~2)不小于0. 996,方法定量下限为3. 0μg/kg,回收率为80. 0%～87. 5%,相对标准偏差为1. 3%～5. 4%。该方法前处理简单,灵敏度高,稳定性好,适用于贝类中3种短裸甲藻毒素的同时测定。