偏压条件下大型地下厂房围岩变形稳定性分析

根据下坂地水库协力波斯电站工程建设实际,在现场调查和电站区勘探、测试资料基础上深入分析地下厂房地质条件,建立了能够反映厂区地形地貌、岩体结构和地应力状态的三维数值模型。根据地应力实测资料反演拟合初始地应力场背景值,采用三维弹塑性有限差分法模拟了在偏压条件下地下厂房、主变室开挖过程中围岩变形和稳定性状况,揭示了各开挖阶段应力的集中部位和围岩潜在破坏部位,这对于工程具有重要的指导意义。     

Antioxidant activities and quali-quantitative analysis of different Smallanthus sonchifolius [(Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson] landrace extracts

Five landraces of Smallanthus sonchifolius [(Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson], known as yacon, were investigated in total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of ethanol extracts (EEs) and decoction extracts (DEs). The results demonstrated that DEs are rich in phenolic acids as caffeic acid, while the EEs show an higher amount of flavonoids, as luteolin 3′,7-O-diglucoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside. These flavonoid glycosides were identified for the first time in yacon extracts, together with apigenin and luteolin. The phytochemical profile explains the different antioxidant activities shown in our study. The landraces PER6-DE and PER4-DE showed the highest radical-scavenging activity and reducing power related to their polyphenolic contents. Results also show that yacon can be considered an important source of bioactive compounds with significant differences among the analysed landraces.     

安全壳再循环地坑滤网应力分析

安全壳再循环地坑滤网是核电厂安全系统的重要设备,再循环工况下它的工作状况直接影响到安全注射系统(应急堆芯冷却系统)、安全壳喷淋系统的正常运行.本文对滤网结构进行在自重和接管载荷下的静态分析、模态分析和地震谱分析.并对结构各使用限制条件下的应力进行组合和评定.结果显示,滤网结构满足ASMEⅢ的规范要求.文章也阐述了结构各方面参数对结构抗震性能的影响.     

VOCs Are Relevant Biomarkers of Elicitor-Induced Defences in Grapevine

Grapevine is susceptible to fungal diseases generally controlled by numerous chemical fungicides. Elicitors of plant defence are a way of reducing the use of these chemicals, but still provide inconsistent efficiency. Easy-to-analyse markers of grapevine responses to elicitors are needed to determine the best conditions for their efficiency and position them in protection strategies. We previously reported that the elicitor sulphated laminarin induced the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by grapevine leaves. The present study was conducted to characterise and compare VOC emissions in response to other elicitors. Bastid^® was first used to test the conditions of VOC collection and analysis. Using SBSE-GC-MS, we detected several VOCs, including the sesquiterpene α-farnesene, in a time-dependent manner. This was correlated with the induction of farnesene synthase gene expression, in parallel with stilbene synthesis (another defence response), and associated to resistance against downy mildew. The other elicitors (Redeli^®, Romeo^®, Bion^®, chitosan, and an oligogalacturonide) induced VOC emission, but with qualitative and quantitative differences. VOC emission thus constitutes a response of grapevine to elicitors of various chemical structures. Therefore, VOC analysis is relevant for studying the impact of environmental factors on grapevine defence responses and optimising the performance of elicitors in vineyards.     

生物质燃油碳烟的组成和结构以及摩擦学特性研究

用自制碳烟捕集装置收集了生物质燃油碳烟(Bio-fuel soot,简称BS),采用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了BS对液体石蜡(Liquid paraffin,简称LP)摩擦学特性的影响,借助扫描电镜/能谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、高分辨透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等分析了BS的组成、结构及摩擦学作用机理.结果表明:BS由平均粒径约40 nm的球形颗粒组成链状团聚体,主要成分为无定型碳和氧,并含少量石墨烯微晶,且其氧含量高于柴油碳烟.随着BS在LP中添加质量百分数的增大,最大无卡咬负荷先增大后减小,钢球平均磨斑直径呈线性增大,而平均摩擦系数先稍有减小后趋于增大.就摩擦学作用机理而言,一方面,BS中的含氧官能团使BS在摩擦过程中易于吸附到摩擦表面,影响边界润滑膜的作用;另一方面,BS引起磨粒磨损和腐蚀磨损,使得摩擦表面的金属氧化膜在摩擦过程中易脱落成磨粒,从而加剧磨损.     

Liquid-liquid extraction procedure exploiting multicommutation in flow system for the determination of molybdenum in plants

A liquid-liquid extraction flow analysis procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum in plants at μg l⁻¹ level is described. The flow network comprised a set of solenoid valves assembled to implement the multicommutation approach under microcomputer control. Radiation source (LED, 475 nm), detector (photodiode) and separation chamber were nested together with the flow cell comprising a compact unit. The consumption of reagents (potassium thiocyanate and stannous chloride) and also extracting solvent (isoamyl alcohol) were optimized to 32 mg and 200 μl per determination, respectively. Accuracy was assessed by comparing results with those obtained with ICP-OES and no significant difference at 95% confidence level was observed. Other favorable characteristics such as a linear response ranging from 25 to 150 μg l⁻¹ molybdenum (r=0.999); detection limit of 4.6 μg l⁻¹ sample throughput of 25 determinations per hour and relative standard deviation of 2.5% (n=10) were also achieved.     

Which Polyesters Can Mimic Polyethylene?

Self‐metathesis of erucic acid by [(PCy₃)(η‐C‐C₃H₄N₂Mes₂)Cl₂Ru = CHPh] (Grubbs second‐ generation catalyst) followed by catalytic hydrogenation and purification via the ester yields 1,26‐hexacosanedioate (>99% purity). Polyesterification with 1,26‐hexacosanediol, generated from the diester, affords polyester‐26,26, which features a T_m of 114 °C (T_c = 92 °C, ΔH_m = 160 J g⁻¹). Ultralong‐chain model polyesters‐38,23 (T_m = 109 °C) and −44,23 (T_m = 111 °C), generated via multistep procedures including acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, underline that melting points of such aliphatic polyesters do not gradually increase with methylene sequence chain length. Available data suggest that to mimic linear polyethylenes thermal properties, even longer sequences, amounting to at least four times a fatty acid chain, fully incorporated in a linear fashion are required.     

Distributed-memory parallel computation of a forced,time-dependent,sooting, ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame

Forced, time-varying laminar flames help bridge the gap between laminar and turbulent combustion as they reside in an ever-changing flow environment. A distributed-memory parallel computation of a time-dependent sooting ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame, in which a periodic fluctuation (20 Hz) is imposed on the fuel velocity for four different amplitudes of modulation, is presented. The chemical mechanism involves 66 species, and a soot sectional model is employed with 20 soot sections. The governing equations are discretised using finite differences and solved implicitly using a damped modified Newton's method. The solution proceeds in parallel using strip domain decomposition over 40 central processing units (CPUs) until full periodicity is attained. For forcing amplitudes of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%, a complete cycle of numerical predictions of the time-resolved soot volume fraction is presented. The 50%, 70% and 90% forcing cases display stretching and pinching off of the sooting region into an isolated oval shape. In the 90% forcing case, a well-defined hollow shell-like structure of the soot volume fraction contours occurs, in which the interior of the isolated sooty region has significantly lower soot concentrations than the shell. Preliminary comparisons are made with experimental measurements of the soot volume fraction for the 50% forcing case. The experimental results are qualitatively consistent with the model predictions.     

Influence of turbulence–chemistry interaction for n-heptane spray combustion under diesel engine conditions with emphasis on soot formation and oxidation

The influence of the turbulence–chemistry interaction (TCI) for n-heptane sprays under diesel engine conditions has been investigated by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The conditional moment closure approach, which has been previously validated thoroughly for such flows, and the homogeneous reactor (i.e. no turbulent combustion model) approach have been compared, in view of the recent resurgence of the latter approaches for diesel engine CFD. Experimental data available from a constant-volume combustion chamber have been used for model validation purposes for a broad range of conditions including variations in ambient oxygen (8?21% by vol.), ambient temperature (900 and 1000 K) and ambient density (14.8 and 30 kg/m³). The results from both numerical approaches have been compared to the experimental values of ignition delay (ID), flame lift-off length (LOL), and soot volume fraction distributions. TCI was found to have a weak influence on ignition delay for the conditions simulated, attributed to the low values of the scalar dissipation relative to the critical value above which auto-ignition does not occur. In contrast, the flame LOL was considerably affected, in particular at low oxygen concentrations. Quasi-steady soot formation was similar; however, pronounced differences in soot oxidation behaviour are reported. The differences were further emphasised for a case with short injection duration: in such conditions, TCI was found to play a major role concerning the soot oxidation behaviour because of the importance of soot-oxidiser structure in mixture fraction space. Neglecting TCI leads to a strong over-estimation of soot oxidation after the end of injection. The results suggest that for some engines, and for some phenomena, the neglect of turbulent fluctuations may lead to predictions of acceptable engineering accuracy, but that a proper turbulent combustion model is needed for more reliable results.     

Kontamination und Schutz Des Grundwassers in Der Nähe Von Atomkraftwerken

Abstract

The influence of diffusion, dispersion, retardation and their correlation with groundwater velocities, porosity and radioactivity is discussed in relation to nuclear power plants and their potential influence on groundwater pollution.