柴油发动机碳烟的表征及摩擦学特性研究

收集柴油发动机尾气碳烟,借助扫描电子电镜/能谱仪、高分辨率透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光普仪、X射线光电子能谱仪分析了碳烟颗粒的形貌、结构及表面官能团,采用SRV IV摩擦磨损试验机考擦了碳烟对柴油机油摩擦学特性的影响.结果表明:碳烟颗粒由C、O两种元素构成,平均粒径为34 nm,外壳包裹着十几层石墨片层的洋葱头结构.碳烟质量分数在3%以内可以改善柴油机油减摩性能,对其抗磨性影响小;当碳烟质量分数超过3%时会引起摩擦系数升高和磨损加剧.分析其原因,一方面碳烟颗粒特殊洋葱头结构使其进入摩擦界面后随摩擦副的往复运动而滚动,起到滚动轴承的作用,从而使摩擦系数降低;另一方面当碳烟含量过高时,碳烟会破坏润滑油膜,阻碍润滑油进入摩擦界面,导致磨损加剧,摩擦系数升高.     

柴油发动机碳烟对缸套/活塞环摩擦学性能影响的研究

通过SRV IV摩擦磨损试验机考察了柴油机碳烟对柴油机缸套/活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,借助扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪、三维表面形貌仪和拉曼光谱仪探讨了碳烟颗粒的摩擦学作用机理.结果表明:碳烟颗粒在高载荷时可以降低缸套/活塞环摩擦副间的摩擦系数,但在低载荷时对摩擦系数影响不大;碳烟颗粒会加剧缸套的磨损,其磨损形式主要为磨粒磨损.碳烟颗粒表现出减摩性的主要原因是其外层的乱层石墨在摩擦热和剪切作用下发生了剥离并在摩擦副表面形成了润滑膜.     

生物形态木质陶瓷的摩擦学性能研究

采用甘蔗渣浸渍环氧树脂后真空烧结制备生物形态木质陶瓷.研究了木质陶瓷的孔径分布及孔隙度,采用摩擦磨损试验机评价了木质陶瓷在干摩擦状态下的摩擦学性能,分析了木质陶瓷磨损后的表面形貌,简要讨论了木质陶瓷的磨损机理.研究表明：木质陶瓷的磨损机理主要以磨粒磨损和黏着磨损共同作用.木质陶瓷能够在磨损表面形成1层碳膜,具有良好的自润滑作用.甘蔗渣含量较高时,孔隙度较大,摩擦系数较大,磨损率较高,木质陶瓷的磨损主要表现为严重磨粒磨损,磨损表面无法形成碳膜.     

含氮类金刚石薄膜的力学和摩擦学性能的研究

利用脉冲等离子体增强化学气相沉积系统沉积了含氮类金刚石碳薄膜.利用X射线光电子能谱和红外光谱分析了薄膜的化学键状态,在UMT摩擦磨损试验机上考察了薄膜的摩擦学性能,利用扫描电子显微镜分析了摩擦对偶球表面的转移膜形貌.结果表明:随着薄膜中氮含量的增加,薄膜中的sp2C含量增加,硬度有所降低,薄膜的平均摩擦系数先减小后增加.     

往复滑动干摩擦条件下碳烟颗粒的摩擦学特性研究

采用往复摩擦磨损试验机分别研究了生物质燃油碳烟颗粒和0#柴油碳烟颗粒对滑动干摩擦条件下铸铁/铸铁摩擦副摩擦磨损行为的影响;借助扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱仪等分析测试设备探讨了不同碳烟颗粒的摩擦学作用机理.结果表明:引入碳烟颗粒后,铸铁摩擦副的摩擦磨损明显减轻,摩擦系数和磨损量均随往复频率的增加而增大;且生物质燃油碳烟颗粒的抗磨减摩效果优于柴油碳烟颗粒.其原因归于碳烟颗粒自身的力学特性、自润滑性以及摩擦副表面特性,主要包括含碳烟颗粒摩擦表面膜的形成、摩擦诱导铁基氧化物的生成,以及摩擦表面有序化碳含量的增加.     

碳钢表面碳—氮共渗层在高速干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能研究

对 2 0 # 钢试样进行碳 -氮共渗热处理 ,考察了共渗层在高速干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能 ,并用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对其磨损表面形貌和元素化学状态进行了分析 .结果表明 :随着滑动速度的增加 ,2 0 # 钢表面碳 -氮共渗层的磨损率逐渐降低 ,当滑动速度达到 35m/s左右时 ,磨损率显著增大 .扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱分析结果表明 ,高速轻载干摩擦条件下 2 0 # 钢表面碳 -氮共渗层的摩擦学性能同磨损表面氧化物的形成和剥落密切相关 ,而磨损率的显著增加是由于磨损表面氧化物类型发生从Fe2 O3 到FeO的转变所致 .     

磁场作用下基础油和含磷酸三甲酚酯润滑油的摩擦磨损特性

在四球摩擦磨损试验机的摩擦区域外加磁场,考察了150SN基础油和添加磷酸三甲酚酯(TCP)润滑油在磁场作用下的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分别分析了磨斑表面形貌及典型元素的化学状态,并对摩擦学机理进行了初步探讨.摩擦学试验结果表明:在磁场作用下,基础油和含TCP润滑油中钢球的磨斑直径均比无磁场时小,而两种油样的摩擦系数均比无磁场时大.XPS分析表明:磁场对润滑油摩擦学性能的影响与边界润滑膜的性质有关,磁场有利于TCP中P和O元素与金属表面的键合,促进了金属表面摩擦化学反应膜的形成,增强了含TCP润滑油的抗磨性能.     

电磁场作用下菜籽油的摩擦学性能研究

使用改进后的四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了不同电磁场强度和不同载荷条件下菜籽油的摩擦学性能,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了磨斑的表面形貌及表面典型元素的化学状态,并对摩擦学机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明:在所考察的工况下,电磁场有利于改善菜籽油的抗磨减摩性能,其强度越大,对菜籽油抗磨减摩性能的改善效果越好;电磁场通过促进吸附膜的吸附作用和O元素与金属表面作用,有利于在磨斑表面生成更厚、更致密的摩擦化学反应膜,从而增强了菜籽油的抗磨减摩性能;不同强度的电磁场可能会改变长链菜籽油分子在摩擦界面的吸附形态而影响其减摩性能.     

蛇纹石矿物作为润滑油添加剂对锡青铜摩擦学行为的影响

采用SRV滑动磨损试验机考察了蛇纹石天然矿物粉体作为添加剂对油润滑条件下与钢对磨时锡青铜摩擦磨损的影响. 借助扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、纳米压痕仪等对磨损表面形貌、元素组成与化学状态，以及纳米力学性能进行了分析，探讨了蛇纹石添加剂改善锡青铜摩擦学性能的作用机制. 结果表明:蛇纹石矿物在锡青铜表面形成了1层由金属氧化物、氧化物陶瓷、石墨和有机物构成的复合摩擦反应膜，其纳米硬度和弹性模量呈表面低、内部高的梯度变化，从而显著改善了油润滑条件下锡青铜的摩擦学性能.      

二硫化钨纳米粉体作为锂基润滑脂添加剂的摩擦学研究

制备了二硫化钨纳米粉体作为添加剂的锂基润滑脂,采用SRV-Ⅳ摩擦磨损试验机考察了二硫化钨对锂基润滑脂摩擦学性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDAX)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对磨损表面的微观形貌、元素含量和价态进行了表征,分析了其润滑机理.结果表明:二硫化钨纳米粉体能够显著提高锂基润滑脂的摩擦学性能.摩擦过程中,二硫化钨纳米粉体在摩擦副表面产生吸附沉积,并在高温高负荷条件下生成含有Fe_2O_3、FeSO_4、WO_3和Fe_3O_4的化学反应膜,从而共同产生润滑作用.     

Supercritical as well as subcritical Hopf bifurcation in nonlinear flutter systems

The Hopf bifurcations of an airfoil flutter system with a cubic nonlinearity are investigated, with the flow speed as the bifurcation parameter. The center manifold theory and complex normal form method are Used to obtain the bifurcation equation. Interestingly, for a certain linear pitching stiffness the Hopf bifurcation is both supercritical and subcritical. It is found, mathematically, this is caused by the fact that one coefficient in the bifurcation equation does not contain the first power of the bifurcation parameter. The solutions of the bifurcation equation are validated by the equivalent linearization method and incremental harmonic balance method.     

Cells as strain-cued automata

We argue in favor of representing living cells as automata and review demonstrations that autonomous cells can form patterns by responding to local variations in the strain fields that arise from their individual or collective motions. An autonomous cell's response to strain stimuli is assumed to be effected by internally-generated, internally-powered forces, which generally move the cell in directions other than those implied by external energy gradients. Evidence of cells acting as strain-cued automata have been inferred from patterns observed in nature and from experiments conducted in vitro. Simulations that mimic particular cases of pattern forming share the idealization that cells are assumed to pass information among themselves solely via mechanical boundary conditions, i.e., the tractions and displacements present at their membranes. This assumption opens three mechanisms for pattern formation in large cell populations: wavelike behavior, kinematic feedback in cell motility that can lead to sliding and rotational patterns, and directed migration during invasions. Wavelike behavior among ameloblast cells during amelogenesis (the formation of dental enamel) has been inferred from enamel microstructure, while strain waves in populations of epithelial cells have been observed in vitro. One hypothesized kinematic feedback mechanism, “enhanced shear motility”, accounts successfully for the spontaneous formation of layered patterns during amelogenesis in the mouse incisor. Directed migration is exemplified by a theory of invader cells that sense and respond to the strains they themselves create in the host population as they invade it: analysis shows that the strain fields contain positional information that could aid the formation of cell network structures, stabilizing the slender geometry of branches and helping govern the frequency of branch bifurcation and branch coalescence (the formation of closed networks). In simulations of pattern formation in homogeneous populations and network formation by invaders, morphological outcomes are governed by the ratio of the rates of two competing time dependent processes, one a migration velocity and the other a relaxation velocity related to the propagation of strain information. Relaxation velocities are approximately constant for different species and organs, whereas cell migration rates vary by three orders of magnitude. We conjecture that developmental processes use rapid cell migration to achieve certain outcomes, and slow migration to achieve others. We infer from analysis of host relaxation during network formation that a transition exists in the mechanical response of a host cell from animate to inanimate behavior when its strain changes at a rate that exceeds 10⁻⁴–10⁻³ s⁻¹. The transition has previously been observed in experiments conducted in vitro.     

Masonry as structured continuum

A structured continuum model is formulated to describe the behaviour of block masonry modelled as distinct rigid body systems with elastic interfaces. A correspondence between the two motions is obtained by postulating a relationship between the displacement fields of the continuum and the discrete models. The constitutive functions for the dynamic actions of the continuum are derived by equating the power of the two models.A preliminary version was presented at AIMETA '92, congress held at Trento, Italy, on 28 September – 2 October 1992.     

Intermittency as a codimension-three phenomenon

We analyze the interaction of three Hopf modes and show that locally a bifurcation gives rise to intermittency between three periodic solutions. This phenomenon can occur naturally in three-parameter families. Consider a vector fieldf with an equilibrium and suppose that the linearization off about this equilibrium has three rationally independent complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues on the imaginary axis. As the parameters are varied, generically three branches of periodic solutions bifurcate from the steady-state solution. Using Birkhoff normal form, we can approximatef close to the bifurcation point by a vector field commuting with the symmetry group of the three-torus. The resulting system decouples into phase amplitude equations. The main part of the analysis concentrates on the amplitude equations in R³ that commute with an action ofZ ₂+Z ₂+Z ₂. Under certain conditions, there exists an asymptotically stable heteroclinic cycle. A similar example of such a phenomenon can be found in recent work by Guckenheimer and Holmes. The heteroclinic cycle connects three fixed points in the amplitude equations that correspond to three periodic orbits of the vector field in Birkhoff normal form. We can considerf as being an arbitrarily small perturbation of such a vector field. For this perturbation, the heteroclinic cycle disappears, but an invariant region where it was is still stable. Thus, we show that nearby solutions will still cycle around among the three periodic orbits.     

Errors as Multistable Response Options

Five simulations mimicked benchmark phenomena of intact and dyslexic word naming. Initially, an iterative map was tuned to simulate the frequency × consistency interaction in skilled naming. Subsequently, two model parameters were changed, in turn, to produce the regularization error of surface dyslexia (PINT pronounced to rhyme with /mint/), absent pseudoword (BINT) naming of phonological dyslexia (words are named correctly; pseudowords are not), the semantic error of deep dyslexia (BUSH named as /tree/), and a dissociation in picture naming of spoken versus written responses (the spoken response to a picture of a bush is /tree/, but the written response is BUSH). All errors, except absent pseudoword naming, were simulated as transcritical bifurcations.     

Conductive polymers as fatigue-damage indicators

A conducting polymer consisting of graphite particles in on epoxy matrix has been employed as a transducer. When subjected to strain, the conductor undergoes a resistance change which is due to the variation in contact pressure between the particles. Of more importance is the permanent resistance change produced in the conductor as it is cycled. This resistance change is due to a wear mechanism which improves the contact area between adjacent particles. The permanent resistance change is a consistent and reproducible function of the strain range and the number of cycles. As such, the conductor can be employed as a sensor to indicate fatigue damage. Studies conducted with two-level fatigue tests indicate that the sensor can be employed with complex strain histories. The sensor output in two-level fatigue tests of both the high-low and low-high sequence was interaction free but dependent on the magnitude of the strain range. Nevertheless, a simple graphical approach was established to predict fatigue exposure from the output. Stability of the sensor to both time and temperature was examined. Resistance changes associated with time are small and monotonic initially and, after an initial stabilization period of a month, the changes are negligible. Temperature stability represents a more significant problem which will require further work. However it appears that the sensor will perform adequately in the temperature range of 75±15°F.     

Herding as a consensus problem

In this paper, we show that herding phenomena in financial markets can be interpreted using the theoretical tools of pinning control. This is accomplished by viewing herding as a diffusion of a certain opinion in a network of financial agents, whose trading strategies dynamically depend on that of their neighbors according to a nonlinear state-dependent law. The interaction among the agents is modeled through a directed weighted graph, and following the logic of pinning control, we model the generic exogenous information triggering herding behavior as a control signal fed by an external entity to a subset of agents that, by virtue of the received information, can play the correct trading action. The topological conditions of partial pinning control theory enable us to predict the number of agents reaching consensus, i.e., the diffusion of information through the network, and thus the magnitude of the herding phenomenon triggered by the informed/pinned nodes. By testing our model of opinion dynamics in an artificial agent-based financial market, we prove that it is capable of replicating herding phenomena of different and predictable intensities.     

Chattering as a singular problem

Nonlinear Dynamics - In this paper, the $$(G'/G)$$ -expansion method is employed to construct more general solitary wave solutions of three special types of Boussinesq equation, namely...     

Urban Segregation as a Nonlinear Phenomenon

A new mathematical model that describes segregation dynamics of two distinct populations in a city is presented. The model associates segregation with an instability of a spatially uniform mixed population state. Segregated states correspond to alternating domains of overrepresentation and underrepresentation of a given population. A second instability designates a transition to a stronger form of segregation involving enclaves of pure population. The model is used to study neighborhood change processes such as displacements of transition zones and tipping point phenomena. The main significance of the model lies in the conceptual framework it introduces by relating sociospatial phenomena to dynamical system and pattern formation theories.