CeO_2对Ni-Cu/HZSM-5催化剂在生物油加氢脱氧反应中抗积炭性能的影响

将CeO_2氧化物添加到Ni-Cu基催化剂中,研究了CeO_2加入量对生物油加氢脱氧过程中催化剂表面积炭行为的影响。采用热重分析、X射线光电子能谱和拉曼光谱等对CeO_2加入前后催化剂表面的积炭量、微结构、积炭动力学和不同类型炭(软积炭、硬积炭和石墨炭)的转变行为等进行了研究。结果表明,CeO_2的添加量及反应温度对催化剂的抗积炭能力及积炭的类型均具有显著的影响;在反应温度为270℃、CeO_2的添加量为15%时,Ni-Cu基催化剂抗积炭性能最好。     

A new method for deposition nitrogen‐doped TiO2 nanofibers with mixed phases of anatase and rutile

A new method for deposition nitrogen‐doped TiO₂ nanofibers films was proposed. By using atmospheric pressure plasma jet generated by dual‐frequency power sources, the morphologies of these TiO₂ films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The structures of these films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and Raman Shift Spectroscopy. The elemental composition of these films [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ] were characterized by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The optical absorption of these films were studied by UV‐vis absorbance spectra. These results indicated that the nitrogen‐doped nanofibers TiO₂ films have mixed phases of anatase and rutile. They also display narrow band gap. The I‐V characteristics curves exhibited good conductivity ability. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was measured to analyze the active group.     

管式炉燃烧–碘量库仑滴定法测定石油焦中总硫含量

建立一种管式炉内燃烧石油焦样品前处理,然后用自动碘量库仑滴定法测定石油焦中总硫含量的方法。探讨了影响实验结果的因素,电解液采用10 m L冰乙酸溶解于250 m L蒸馏水中,避光保存,实验环境温度为20℃以上,电解液中搅拌转子的转速为500 r/min。在优化的实验条件下,测定结果的相对标准偏差在2.36%~3.94%(n=6)之间,3种石油焦样品加标回收率在82.0%~101.5%之间。该方法可应用于石油焦中总硫含量的测定。     

氢化物发生–原子荧光光谱法测定煤、焦炭中的砷

采用氢化物发生–原子荧光光谱法同时测定煤、焦炭中砷的含量。试样在瓷坩埚中与艾氏卡试剂混合,经马弗炉灼烧,用盐酸溶解并移入容量瓶中,在硫脲–抗坏血酸存在下,于10%盐酸介质中,用氢化物发生–原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量。砷的质量浓度在0~100 ng/m L范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r=0.999 8,方法检出限为0.05 ng/m L,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于3%(n=11),加标回收率为96.4%~100.6%。该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于测定煤、焦炭中的砷含量。     

Energy sharing and sputtering in low-energy collision cascades

Using a non-linear transport equation to describe the energy-sharing process in an isotropic collision cascade, we have numerically calculated sputtered particle velocity spectra for several very low energy (<10 eV) primary recoil distributions. Our formulation of the sputtering process is essentially that used in the linear model and our equations yield the familiar linear model results in the appropriate limit. Discrepancies between our calculations and the linear model results in other cases may be understood by considering the effects of the linear model assumptions on the sputtering yield at very low energies. Our calculations are also compared with recent experimental results investigating ion-explosion sputtering. The results of this comparison support the conclusion that in insulators sputtering is initiated by very low energy recoil atoms when the energy of the incident beam is high enough that the stopping power is dominated by the electronic contribution. The calculations also suggest that energy spectra similar to those for evaporation may result from non-equilibrium processes but that the apparent temperatures of evaporation are not related in a simple way to any real temperature within the target.     

Benefits of Important Industrial Tracer Applications in the GDR

Tracers can be used to label substances or objects in order to discriminate between them, to follow their movement, to record changes of concentration and distribution between phases, etc. The main advantages of tracer investigations are the contactless recording of signals without influencing the observed process (also under rigorous operation conditions), the high detection sensitivity, the large number of available tracer nuclides (problems of all branches of industry can be solved) and the fact that tracer investigation can be carried out on operating production units, so that they provide valuable checks of the validity of design and process data. The cost-to-benefit ratio can be as low as 1:50. In the following some selected examples of tracer applications carried out by the staff of the Central Institute of Isotope and Radiation Research and their benefits will be presented.     

焦炭特性及成分分析用标准物质的研制

介绍焦炭特性及成分分析用标准物质的研制过程。对标准物质进行了均匀性检验和稳定性考察,8家权威实验室用准确可靠的方法参与协作定值,确定了22个项目的标准值和扩展不确定度。粒度分析和成分分析结果表明该标准物质均匀性良好,在5年内性质稳定。     

改性焦粉对亚甲基蓝吸附性能及机理的研究

以废弃焦粉为原料,50%硝酸为改性剂,借助JSM、XPS分析测试方法表征其结构。考察了改性焦粉、焦粉对亚甲基蓝吸附性能、吸附平衡等温线、黏附几率和活化能,用Weber-Morris曲线研究吸附机理。结果表明,硝酸改性焦粉是硝酸刻蚀焦粉表面增加孔结构,增大表面积,表面氧化形成较为丰富含氧功能组的过程;改性焦粉对亚甲基蓝吸附性能明显优于焦粉;改性焦粉吸附量随亚甲基蓝溶液浓度、pH的增大而增加;吸附过程符合Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式;黏附几率和活化能分别为S=0.1977、2.5635kJ/mol;该吸附过程主要为颗粒内扩散控制的物理吸附。     

Hierarchical Porous ZSM‐5 Zeolite Synthesized by in situ Zeolitization and Its Coke Deposition Resistance in Aromatization Reaction

Hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolites with micro‐, meso‐ and macroporosity were prepared from diatomite zeolitization through a vapor‐phase transport process on solid surfaces. The aromatization performance of the catalysts was investigated on a fixed bed reactor by using FCC gasoline as feedstock. The crystal phase, morphology, pore structures, acidity and coke depositions of the hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolites were characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂ adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and thermogravimetry‐mass spectrogram (TG‐MS), respectively. The results show that the prepared hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolite possesses excellent porosity and high crystallinity, displaying an improved aromatization performance and carbon deposition resistance due to its meso‐ and macroporous structures.     

复杂烟气条件下太西活性焦脱除Hg0的实验研究

为了解复杂烟气条件下活性焦吸附剂的脱汞特性,利用汞渗透管和主要气体成分模拟复杂烟气,在实验室规模的固态吸附剂汞吸附效能测定系统上,进行了太西活性焦吸附单质汞的实验研究,并采用FT-IR对活性焦表面进行了光谱表征。结果表明,在活性焦表面存在各种含氧官能团;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/SO₂/Hg⁰烟气体系中,当SO₂加入量为400、855、1 520 mL/m³时,出口汞浓度分别为36、43、48 μg/m³,SO₂对系统吸附Hg⁰的能力有抑制作用;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/NO/Hg⁰烟气体系中,较低浓度的NO对Hg⁰脱除有抑制作用,而高浓度值的NO抑制作用减弱;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/NO/SO₂/Hg⁰烟气体系下,提高NO浓度对Hg⁰脱除有一定的促进作用,而提高SO₂浓度初期促进汞的脱除,后期则表现为抑制作用。