煤粉燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例实验研究

煤焦颗粒燃烧过程中,灰膜形成显著影响其燃烧特性。因此,本文借助高温沉降炉研究了61~75,75~90和90~125μm三种粒径黄陵烟煤在1273和1673 K温度下的燃烧特性与灰膜形成比例;借助扫描电镜(SEM)详细观测空心微珠颗粒内部结构,提出灰膜比例计算公式,并分析温度,粒径和碳转化率对灰膜比例的影响。结果表明,高温下大部分灰分在焦炭烧尽阶段以灰膜形式存在。灰膜比例随温度和碳转化率增加而增加,随煤粉粒径增大而减小。高温下灰分用于形成灰膜比例相对较高,这为煤焦燃尽阶段的低反应性提供了合理的解释。煤焦颗粒动态燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例随燃烧工况变化而变化。该研究为煤焦颗粒燃烧动力学模拟灰膜比例选择提供了关键数据支撑。     

山西典型高铝煤灰熔融及黏温特性改性实验研究

以山西典型高铝煤为研究对象,研究了工业助熔剂石灰石、黏土以及两者的复合助熔剂对其灰熔融特性及黏温特性的影响。结果表明,随着助熔剂含量的增加,煤灰熔融流动温度下降;石灰石的助熔效果优于黏土,复合助熔剂效果优于单一助熔剂。添加石灰石使灰渣临界黏度温度tcv显著降低,添加黏土使其渣型向玻璃渣转变,复合助熔剂较单一助熔剂存在显著协同作用,即能同时实现tcv的降低和渣型的有利转变。对山西典型高铝煤两渡煤,在复合助熔剂添加量为4%(2%石灰石+2%黏土)时,不仅其渣型向玻璃渣转变,且tcv较单独添加石灰石(2%)降低133℃,较单独添加黏土(6%)降低222℃。矿物质分析结果证实了助熔剂的助熔原理。添加复合助熔剂改性的山西高铝煤可达到工业气流床气化对煤种的要求。     

生物质灰对煤焦加氢气化的催化作用

以小麦秸秆、马尾藻和山苦荬等三种富含碱金属和碱土金属的生物质为原料,研究了在500、600和815℃下制得的生物质灰对神府煤焦加氢气化的催化作用。结果表明,随着制灰温度由500℃升高至815℃,灰产量减少,且灰中的碱金属和氯元素的含量降低;当制灰温度达到815℃,生物质灰出现明显的熔融现象;600℃灰样对神府煤焦加氢气化具有较好的催化作用,催化效果随灰样添加比例增大而增强。山苦荬灰催化作用较好,而马尾藻灰催化作用较弱。小麦秸秆灰中较高的硅含量和马尾藻灰中较高的氯含量是其催化作用较弱的主要原因;氯元素会加剧碱金属的挥发,弱化与其结合的碱金属的催化效果,对碱金属催化所产生的抑制作用比相同摩尔数的硅更加明显。     

TiO2@Ag修饰的粉煤灰微集料增强水泥基材料光催化性能

自清洁和空气净化能力是绿色建筑发展的两个重要方向,它们不仅使建筑体向功能多样化方向发展,而且为新材料的应用提供了平台.因与大量城市环境污染物(氮氧化物,挥发性有机化合物等)直接接触,具有空气净化能力的光催化水泥基材料引起了人们广泛关注.在过去几十年里,通过使用直接喷洒到浆体表层或与水泥原材料预先共混的方法,国内外已相继将TiO2光催化材料应用到了一些实际工程中.但TiO2光催化剂在水泥基材料中高效和稳定发挥其性能仍需解决两个关键问题:(1)它在水泥基体中分散性和效能耐久性问题;(2)其量子效率和对可见光利用率问题.对于后者,目前的材料制备与改性方法,如金属、非金属改性等已能获得量子效率和可见光活性都较好的TiO2类光催化材料.研究表明,水泥水化产物(氢氧化钙、C-S-H凝胶等)的包覆、后期碳化所致气体和光线扩散孔隙的降低是导致TiO2光催化剂在水泥基材料中耐久性和利用率差的可能原因.我们前期报道了一种将纳米TiO2催化剂预先负载到水泥基材料用的多孔粗集料表面,然后将负载型催化剂整体引入到水泥基体中的催化剂应用方法,发现该法能有效提升TiO2催化剂在水泥基材料中的催化效率和耐久性.微米级活性粉煤灰具有良好的水泥基材料兼容性,通过采用简单的碱激发手段,可形成孔径小于50 nm的介孔和微孔类沸石材料,从而影响光催化材料的催化性能.因此,基于粉煤灰的特征,为了进一步提高TiO2催化剂在水泥基材料中的应用效率和催化耐久性,我们采用碱激发法获得了大比表面和介孔结构的沸石类粉煤灰材料,将其用于负载纳米TiO2催化剂,然后引入到水泥基体中,制备了沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥基材料,同时研究了光还原Ag修饰对沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥基材料的催化性能影响及其催化耐久性.结果表明,具有分级孔结构的沸石粉煤灰载体可有效提升纳米TiO2光催化剂在水泥基体中的暴露度,同时还增加了其对气相苯(200×10–6初始浓度)的光催化去除能力.最佳Ag修饰量(1.4×10–4 wt%)沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品对气相苯的光催化伪一级反应速率常数达到9.91×10–3 min?1,分别是沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品和纯TiO2光催化水泥样品效能的3和10倍.光催化稳定性结果发现,在3次催化循环后,样品对气相苯的光催化去除率仍能达到96.3%(180 min).考虑到水泥基材料碳化是影响光催化剂使用耐久性的一个关键因素,我们还评估了沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品28 d加速碳化后的光催化性能.结果表明,经过加速碳化后,样品对气相苯光催化去除率只降低了11%,相比于同条件下纯TiO2水泥样品性能,其催化耐久性显著提高,表明沸石类粉煤灰载体可有效提升TiO2在水泥基体中的催化耐久性.这可能是由于其高孔隙特性可降低周围水泥水化产物的形成量,如高钙/硅比C-S-H凝胶及氢氧化钙结晶,进而降低了这些水化产物碳化所带来的影响.     

桑色素络合荧光分光光度法测定中药材中铝的含量

以桑色素为络合剂,采用荧光分光光度法测定了10种中药材中铝的含量。结果表明,样品中铝在0.25~2.50μmol/L的范围内荧光强度与含量呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3),该法准确、简便,适用于中药材中铝含量的测定。各中药材之间对铝的累积存在明显差异亦应引起重视。     

In situ measurements of the spectral emittance of coal ash deposits

The spectral emittance of deposits left by bituminous and sub-bituminous coals under oxidizing conditions have been measured in situ. Pulverized coal is injected into a down-fired entrained-flow reactor. Ash accumulates on a probe in the reactor effluent and radiation emitted by the ash layer is recorded using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Values for the spectral emissive power emitted by the ash and the surface temperature of the ash are extracted from these data. These results are then used to calculate the spectral emittance of the deposit. The spectral emittances of ash deposits formed by burning Illinois #6 (bituminous) coal and Powder River Basin (sub-bituminous) coal were measured between 3000 and 500 wavenumbers. The spectral emittance of the deposit left by the bituminous coal has a constant value of approximately 0.46 between 3000 and 2400 wavenumbers. Between 2200 and 1200 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance of the deposit increases from approximately 0.47 to approximately 0.61. Between 1200 and 500 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance is relatively constant at 0.61. The spectral emittance of the deposit left by the sub-bituminous coal is also relatively constant between 3000 and 2400 wavenumbers at a value of 0.29. Between 2200 and 500 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance of deposits from the sub-bituminous coal increases from approximately 0.29 to 0.55. Differences between these spectral emittance measurements and those measured ex situ illustrate the importance of making in situ measurements. Band emittances were calculated using the measured spectral emittances, and band emittances of the deposits are reported as functions of temperature.     

Radon activity and exhalation rates measurements in fly ash from a thermal power plant

Radon exhalation rate from fly ash samples and from the homogeneous mixture of fly ash of different proportions additive in soil and cement samples to study the effect of the addition was measured by cup dosimeter using SSNTDs. Radon activities were found to vary from (1018±38) to ( whereas the radon exhalation rate varied from (366±14) to . A gradual increase has been observed in samples having fly ash as an additive in cement samples whereas a gradual decrease was observed in soil samples after the addition of fly ash. ²³⁸U in fly ash was measured by a low-level NaI (Tl)-based gamma ray spectrometer. The results show enhancement in U concentration in fly ash as compared to coal samples, whereas radon exhalation rate is less in fly ash samples.     

REMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS BY UTILIZING HYDROTHERMALLY TREATED CALCAREOUS FLY ASHES

This paper investigates a treated fly ash to act as a synthetic zeolite to remediate soils polluted with heavy metals and metalloids （As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Mn）. Four types of such ＇zeolites＇ were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of a calcareous fly ash derived from Greek lignite-fired power plants： two with excess of sodium hydroxide in a solid/liquid ratio of 50 g·L^-1, and two with excess of fly ash in a solid/liquid ratio of 100g·L^-1. Soil samples were obtained from a former mining site at Lavrion, Greece. Mobilization and transfer of metals to the retention agents was effected by using HCI aq 1M, with satisfactory results with respect to As, Pb, Cu, Mn and Cd. The great variety of metal complexes in soil was found to be of major importance for the effectiveness of the overall process. The final products were solidified either on their own, or by using additives such as lime and cement.     

VITRIFICATION OF LIGNITE FLY ASH AND METAL SLAGS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLASS AND GLASS CERAMICS

This work focuses on the production of glass and glass-ceramics by using industrial wastes or by-products, e.g., two fly ashes from the combustion of lignite, a slag from the production of Fe-Ni and a slag from the making of steel. Vitrification took place at 1 350°-1450℃ and crystallization was achieved by heat treatment at 900, 950 and 1 000℃. The capability of the waste to be vitrified and subsequently devitrified was determined by XRD techniques. The crystalline phase depends greatly on the structure of the by-product and the heat treatment. The final products showed low leachability and good hardness.