基于水面光谱数据的官厅水库有色可溶性有机物反演

有色可溶解性有机物(简称CDOM,又称为黄色物质),存在于所有自然水体中,可以用于指示水体有机物污染的状况。相比于常规采样监测方法,基于遥感数据反演CDOM具有重要优势。但是遥感数据反演CDOM的方法通常具有区域局限性,因此需要对不同区域水体进行反演方法的检验和完善。我国北方水体CDOM遥感反演的相关研究较少,选择位于河北省张家口市和北京市延庆区交界的官厅水库为研究区,利用2013年10月26日获取的水面遥感反射率光谱(R_rs(λ))和实验室测得的CDOM吸收系数(a_CDOM(λ))数据,首次进行了CDOM浓度(以440 nm处CDOM的吸收系数(a_CDOM(440))表示)反演。对半解析方法即QAA-CDOM方法进行了检验和改进,并建立了CDOM反演的经验模型。QAA-CDOM方法反演结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.10,平均相对误差σ为10.8%。通过实测数据计算了每个波段的水面以下上行辐照度与辐亮度的比值Q,代替了QAA-CDOM方法中的固定Q值,对QAA-CDOM方法进行改进,反演结果精度仅略有提升,RMSE=0.09, σ=10.2%。同时,用四个遥感反射率的比值与a_CDOM(440)进行回归分析,建立了CDOM反演的经验模型。结果显示R_rs(531)/R_rs(551)与CDOM浓度的相关性最大,决定系数为0.63;基于该波段比值建立的CDOM反演经验模型的反演结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.08,平均相对误差σ为8.8%。经验方法反演结果的精度更高,但需要同步实测数据进行所选波长和模型系数的标定;半解析方法不需要标定,更易于推广。     

HR-ICP-MS研究丰水期黄河甘宁蒙段过滤水和悬浮物中重金属的含量特征和污染评价

为研究黄河甘宁蒙段丰水期过滤水和悬浮物中重金属的含量特征及污染状况,采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)对黄河甘宁蒙段昭君浮桥 (S1)、包头浮桥(S2)等10个采样点过滤水中六种重金属(Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Cu和Zn)及悬浮物中九种重金属(Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, V, Co, Zn和Mn)的含量特征、污染评价和源分析进行研究。结果表明：(1)过滤水中只有Cr元素含量在所有采样点超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002) 的标准限值,且在10个采样点中均为最高(74.8～94.7 μg·L-1);单因子指数(I_i)评价结果表明除包头浮桥(S2)未受总氮(TN)污染外,其余采样点水质均受Cr元素和TN污染;内梅罗综合指数法(I)得出所有采样点的I值均在1～2之间(轻污染程度),表明黄河甘宁蒙段水质,尤其是下游段(S1～S6)已不是生活饮用水、水产养殖等的理想水源。(2)悬浮物中Ni含量(34.7 μg·L-1) 只在玛曲点(S10)低于中国土壤元素背景值(35.2 μg·L-1),在其余点均高于背景值,而其余八种元素在10个采样点的含量均高于背景值;地累积指数法(I_geo)结果表明九种元素中Cd元素的I_geo值(0.452～2.89)在10个采样点中均为最高值,且在昭君浮桥(S1)、包头浮桥(S2)、乌海(S5)和东大沟入黄河口(S8)这四个采样点处达到中污染-重污染程度,其余八种元素在各采样点的I_geo值均小于1,为无污染或无污染-中污染程度。研究结果为全面研究该流域重金属分布、迁移及有效保护提供可信的实验数据。     

黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物中重金属元素含量及其形态分析

到目前为止,关于水环境中重金属浓度和形态分布的研究有许多报道。但是关于黄河上游,特别是对黄河甘宁蒙段区域重金属的研究报道仍需进一步深入。在相关研究工作的基础上,使用HR-ICP-MS和BCR连续提取法主要对2011年丰水期黄河甘宁蒙段12个采样点表层沉积物Cd,Pb,Cr,V,Co,Ni,Cu和Zn重金属元素的含量,形态和潜在风险进行测定与分析。结果表明：所有采样点各重金属元素含量顺序相同：Cr>V>Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co>Cd,与各采样点所在区域土壤中背景值相比,S5采样点Cd元素的含量水平最高(1.30 μg·g-1) 约为背景值(0.103 μg·g-1)的13倍。通过I_geo对重金属进行污染评价,结果显示S5采样点Cd元素为强污染水平(I_geo=3.08),内蒙古段四个采样点(S1—S4)Cd表现为中强度污染水平,I_geo位于2.02~2.90之间;此外,富集因子(EF)评价结果发现,研究区域表层沉积物中八种重金属均受到人为活动的污染。根据潜在生态风险指数(RI)结果,S5和S3采样点为高生态风险,其他采样点为中等生态风险。BCR连续提取法结果显示Cd的有效性最高,其次为Co和Ni,V和Cr有效性最低。根据形态分析风险评估准则 (RAC),Cd在S1—S4采样点有高风险,在S5采样点有很高风险;而对于Ni和Co来说,12个采样点中均表现为中等风险。研究结果和结论可为相关政府部门提供重要的研究信息。     

The principle that generates dissimilar patterns inside aggregates of organisms

Pattern formation and self-organization are phenomena that occur across the board, in animate and inanimate systems. In this paper, we rely on the constructal law to explain the generation of patterns (shapes, structures) in aggregates of organisms-pedestrian crowds and stony corals. In pedestrian crowds a variety of patterns are often observed, from ‘chaotic’ appearances to spontaneous organization in lanes of uniform walking direction. Stony corals and other organisms also present intraspecific variability in shape. We show that flow systems develop in time patterns which provide easier access to the nutrients and space, within a set of constraints imposed by each situation. Flow systems have the freedom to morph their shape in search for architectures that allows them to have greater access to the space that they inhabit. We identify the mechanisms allowing pedestrians to evolve in space and time. We also show that stony corals may develop branched or spherical shapes, depending on which shape performs best in response to the environmental conditions. The constructal law allows systems with complex internal flows to be described and understood for a unified view.     

The constructal unification of biological and geophysical design

Here we show that the emergence of scaling laws in inanimate (geophysical) flow systems is analogous to the emergence of allometric laws in animate (biological) flow systems, and that features of evolutionary “design” in nature can be predicted based on a principle of physics (the constructal law): “For a finite-size flow system to persist in time (to live) it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier and easier access to its currents”, meaning that the configuration and function of flow systems change over time in a predictable way that improves function, distributes imperfection, and creates geometries that best arrange high and low resistance areas or volumes. This theoretical unification of the phenomena of animate and inanimate flow design generation is illustrated with examples from biology (lung design, animal locomotion) and the physics of fluid flow (river basins, turbulent flow structure, self-lubrication). The place of this design-generation principle as a self-standing law in thermodynamics is discussed. Natural flow systems evolve by acquiring flow configuration in a definite direction in time: existing configurations are replaced by easier flowing configurations.     

阻抑动力学光度法测定痕量铌(Ⅴ)

研究发现,在硫酸介质中,痕量铌(Ⅴ)能灵敏地阻抑溴酸钾氧化二甲基黄褪色。研究了该阻抑褪色反应的最佳条件及动力学参数,建立了一种测定痕量铌(Ⅴ)的新方法。该法测定线性范围为0~30 ng/10mL,检出限为4.21×10-11 g/ mL。方法用于矿石中铌的测定,结果满意。     

动力学分光光度法测定食品中微量碘

在硫代硫酸钠存在下的硫酸介质中 ,碘对溴酸钾氧化间胺黄褪色具有抑制作用 ,建立了测定微量碘的新方法。测定线性范围为 0 .0 2— 0 .4 mg/ L ,检出限为 1 .5× 1 0 -8g/ m L。用于食品中微量碘的测定 ,结果令人满意     

Study on the morphology, crystalline structure and thermal properties of yellow ginger starch acetates with different degrees of substitution

Yellow ginger starch acetates with different degrees of substitution (DS) were prepared by reacting native starch with glacial acetic acid/acetic anhydride using sulfuric acid as catalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of acetylated starch revealed that the crystal structure of native starch was disappeared and new crystalline regions were formed. Their formation was confirmed by the presence of the carbonyl signal around 1750 cm⁻¹, as well as the reduced hydroxyl groups, in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested most of the starch granules disintegrated with many visible fragments along with the increasing DS. The thermal behavior of the native starch and starch acetate were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), it was observed that the thermal stability of acetylated starch depends on the degree of substitution. Thermal stability of high DS acetylated starch is much better than that of the original starch when DS reached to 2.67.     

Multiresidue analysis of pollutants as their trimethylsilyl derivatives,by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

This paper reports a multiresidue analysis procedure which permits the identification and quantification of sixty-three water-soluble pollutants. Subsequent to their solid-phase extraction (SPE) enrichment, analyses of species have been carried out from one solution, by a single injection, as their trimethylsilyl-oxime ether/ester derivatives, by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, within 31 min. Based on our optimized extraction, derivatization and mass fragmentation studies separation have been performed in the total ion current mode, identification and quantification of compounds have been carried out on the basis of their selective fragment ions. Including various pharmaceuticals, benzoic acid, its substituted species, different aromatic carboxylic acids, cholic acids, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, as well as synthetic pollutants of various origins (2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, different phthalates). Standard compounds were added to 500 mL effluent wastewater samples, at three concentrations (1–5 μg/L, 5–10 μg/L and 10–20 μg/L). Recoveries, using the Waters Oasis cartridges performing extractions at pH 2, pH 4 and pH 7 proved to be the optimum at pH 4 (average recoveries (94.5%), except for cholesterol (10%), paracetamol (18%) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (25%). Carbamazepine could be recovered at pH 7, only. Responses, obtained with derivatized standards proved to be linear in the range of 4–80 μg/L levels. Limit of quantitation values varied between 0.92 ng/L (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) and 600 ng/L (dehydrocholic acid) concentrations. One of the most important messages of this work is the confirmation of the origin of blank values. It was shown that contaminants, mainly 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, different phthalates and fatty acids, are sourced both from the reagents and mainly from the SPE procedure, independent on the cartridge applied. Reproducibilities, characterized with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of measurements, varied between 0.71% and 10%, with an average of 4.38% RSD. The practical utility of the method was shown by the identification and quantification of the pollutant contents of Hungarian influent and effluent wastewaters (for six consecutive months and that of the Danube River for 2 months).     

Chemometric tools improving the determination of anti-inflammatory and antiepileptic drugs in river and wastewater by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography diode array detection

An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of seven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, piroxicam, indomethacin, sulindac and diflunisal) and the anticonvulsant carbamazepine in river and wastewater is reported. The method involves pre-concentration and clean-up by solid-phase microextraction using polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fibers, followed by liquid chromatography with diode array detection analysis. Owing to the fact that river water samples did not contain interferences and no sensitivity changes due to sample matrix were observed, external calibration was implemented. Standardization was also applied in order to carry out the prediction step by preparing only two diluted standards that were subjected to the pre-concentration step and a set of standards prepared in solvent. For the analysis of wastewater samples, in contrast, it was necessary to implement standard addition calibration in combination with the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) algorithm, which allowed us to overcome matrix effect and exploit the second order advantage. Recoveries ranging from 72% to 125% for all pharmaceuticals proved the accuracy of the proposed method in river water samples. On the other hand, wastewater sample recoveries ranged from 83% to 140% for all pharmaceuticals, showing an acceptable performance – considering this sample contains no modeled interferences.