On reductions for the Steiner Problem in Graphs

Several authors have demonstrated how reductions can be used to improve the efficiency with which the Steiner Problem in Graphs can be solved. Previous reduction algorithms have been largely ad hoc in nature. This paper uses a theory of confluence to show that, in many cases, all maximal reduction sequences are equivalent, gaining insights into the design of reduction algorithms that obtain a maximum degree of reduction.     

Synthesis of (sulfonyl)methylphosphonate analogs of prenyl diphosphates

Syntheses of several (sulfonyl)methylphosphonate analogs of geranyl, neryl, and farnesyl diphosphates are described. Key steps include utilization of an (E)-selective Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination which couples an aldehyde to the sulfone phosphonate moiety, and a selective reduction of the resulting dienyl sulfone phosphonate substrates.     

A HYDROGEN BONDING ASSISTED CATALYST SCREENED OUT VIA COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY STRATEGY

1. INTRODUCTIONReduction of organic compounds by NaBH, is often used in organic synthesis. The reactiollis only proceeded in the interface between the organic phase and water phase because of the lowsolubility of NaBH. in organic compounds, and this results in the slow reaction rate and lowyield. In order to increase the reaction rate and yield, NaBH, was converted totetraalkylammonium borohydrides II' 'l, and this made the operating process complex and greatamount of quaternary ammon…     

Ruthenium-catalysed transfer hydrogenation reactions with dimethylamine borane

Dimethylamine-borane adduct has been used as the hydrogen source for the reduction of carbonyl compounds, imines, oximes, nitriles, nitroarenes and alkenes using [Ru(p-cymene)Cl₂]₂ as the catalyst.     

Imidazolinone herbicides in strongly acidic media: Speciation and electroreduction

From UV-visible measurements and potentiometric titrations it follows that the lowest pK values (pK₁) of imidazolinone herbicides correspond to the simultaneous protonation/dissociation equilibria of both the pyridinic (or quinolinic) nitrogen and the carboxyl group, the following pK (pK₂) to the imminium nitrogen and the basic pK (pK₃) to the dissociation of the imido nitrogen. Below pH 6 and down to pH c.a. 2.5, the dominant form of the herbicide is a double ion having both positive and negative charges, this being important in discussing the effect of pH in the natural dynamics of imidazolinone herbicides, especially in their soil sorption. Electrochemical studies of the reduction of the herbicides were made on mercury and carbon electrodes in strongly acidic media (0.1 to 2.7 M H₂SO₄) as well up to pH 7. The reduction signals were all attributed to the reduction of the imidazolinone ring except the second peak/wave that was found to have originated by the reduction of the pyridine/quinoline ring. A signal observed in strongly acidic media and at highly negative overpotentials was attributed to the reduction of the imidazolinone ring of the product of the previous reduction in a process consisting of two reversible electron transfers followed by a protonation reaction.     

Iron-catalyzed selective reduction of nitro compounds to amines

An efficient reduction of the nitro group with a catalytic amount of Fe(acac)₃ and TMDS in THF at 60 °C affording the corresponding amine is described.     

连续值域信息系统的规则提取与知识约简

研究连续值域信息系统的规则提取和知识约简，给出规则提取的完整方法和2种新的知识约简的概念，讨论各种协调集之间的关系，探讨系统允许误差变化对规则提取的影响。     

Symmetry Reduction in Symplectic and Poisson Geometry

We present a quick review of several reduction techniques for symplectic and Poisson manifolds using local and global symmetries compatible with these structures. Reduction based on the standard momentum map (symplectic or Marsden–Weinstein reduction) and on generalized distributions (the optimal momentum map and optimal reduction) is emphasized. Reduction of Poisson brackets is also discussed and it is shown how it defines induced Poisson structures on cosymplectic and coisotropic submanifolds.     

Categorical abstract algebraic logic: The Diagram and the Reduction Operator Lemmas

The study of structure systems, an abstraction of the concept of first‐order structures, is continued. Structure systems have algebraic systems as their algebraic reducts and their relational component consists of a collection of relation systems on the underlying functors. An analog of the expansion of a first‐order structure by constants is presented. Furthermore, analogs of the Diagram Lemma and the Reduction Operator Lemma from the theory of equality‐free first‐order structures are provided in the framework of structure systems. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于单调包含度的模糊决策信息系统的知识约简

知识约简是机器学习,模式识别,信号处理等领域的主要问题之一。本文介绍了基于单调包含度的模糊决策信息系统的知识约简。证明了模糊决策信息系统的约简即是其对应信息系统的约简,从而为该种模糊决策信息系统的知识约简提供了简单直接的方法。