Pheromone synthesis. Part 255: Synthesis and GC–MS analysis of pheromonal triacylglycerols of male Drosophila fruit flies

Pheromonal triacylglycerols and their analogs, 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, and 3C, of male Drosophila fruit flies were synthesized and analyzed by GC–MS. Their GC retention times were found to be a reliable measure to analyze and identify these triacylglycerols with acetyl, oleoyl and tigloyl groups, although the stereo- and regioisomers of 1 (1A and 1B), 2 (2A and 2B), and 3 (3A, 3B, and 3C) could not be distinguished from each other by MS alone.     

Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction

Currently, on an industrial scale, synthetic colorants are used in many fields, as well as those extracted with conventional organic solvents (COSs), leading to several environmental issues. Therefore, we developed a sustainable extraction and purification method mediated by ionic liquids (IL), which is considered an alternative high-performance replacement for COSs. Carotenoids are natural pigments with low bioaccessibility (BCT) and bioavailability (BV) but with huge importance to health. To investigate if the BCT and cellular uptake of the carotenoids are modified by the extraction method, we conducted a comparison assay between both extraction procedures (IL vs. COS). For this, we used the Amazonian fruit Bactris gasipaes, a rich source of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, to obtain the extract, which was emulsified and subjected to an in vitro digestion model followed by the Caco-2 cell absorption assay. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids using IL was better than those using COS (33.25%, and 26.84%, respectively). The cellular uptake of the carotenoids extracted with IL was 1.4-fold higher than those extracted using COS. Thus, IL may be a feasible alternative as extraction solvent in the food industry, replacing COS, since, in this study, no IL was present in the final extract.     

Removal of cibacron blue 3G-A (CB) dye from aqueous solution using chemo-physically activated biochar from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber

A novel biodegradable adsorbent called pyrolysed empty fruit bunch fibres (PEF) was prepared by chemo-physical activation of empty fruit bunch fibres (EFB) biochar for removal of cibacron blue 3G-A (CB) dye from aqueous solution. PEF was characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD and BET techniques. The N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms indicated PEF’s surface area to be 362.84 m²g⁻¹ and XRD attributed amorphous nature to PEF. After adsorption process, PEF has smoother surface morphology, increase in carbon by weight and shift in functional groups. The established adsorption optimum conditions were pH 10, 45 min contact time and 0.10 g/100 mL adsorbent dosage with 99.05% CB dye removal capacity at 343 K and initial dye concentration 100 mg/L. Desorption ratio >90% after seventh cycle of adsorption-desorption experiments confirmed high reusability (regeneration) of PEF. Pseudo second order kinetic and Freundlich were better fitted with kinetic and isotherm model respectively, while mechanism of adsorption was controlled by film diffusion (external mass transfer). Thermodynamic studied revealed ΔG, ΔS and ΔH to be −3.12 MJ/mol K, 9.11 kJ/mol K, 6.83 kJ/mol respectively at 343 K. The negative value of ΔG, positive values of ΔS and ΔH indicated spontaneity, feasibility and endothermic nature of CB dye adsorption from aqueous solution onto PEF.     

Mass spectrometry imaging of surface lipids on intact Drosophila melanogaster flies

The spatial distribution of neutral lipids and semiochemicals on the surface of six‐day‐old separately reared naive Drosophila melanogaster flies has been visualized and studied using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry and laser‐assisted desorption/ionization (LDI)‐TOF imaging (MSI). Metal targets were designed for two‐dimensional MSI of the surface of 3‐D biological objects. Targets with either simple grooves or profiled holes designed to accurately accommodate the male and female bodies were fabricated. These grooves and especially holes ensured correct height fixation and spatial orientation of the flies on the targets after matrix application and sample drying. For LDI‐TOF to be used, the flies were arranged into holes and fixed to a plane of the target using fast‐setting glue. In MALDI‐TOF mode, the flies were fixed as above and sprayed with a lithium 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoate matrix using up to 100 airbrush spray cycles. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the deposits of matrix were homogenous and the matrix formed mostly into the clusters of crystals (40–80 µm) that were separated from each other by an uncovered cuticle surface (30–40 µm). The MSI using target with profiled holes provided superior results to the targets with simple grooves, eliminating the ion suppression/mass deviation due to the 3‐D shape of the flies. Attention was paid to neutral lipids and other compounds including the male anti‐attractant 11‐cis‐vaccenyl acetate for which the expected distribution with high concentration on the tip of the male abdomen was confirmed. The red and blue mass shift (PlusMinus1 colour scale) was observed associated with mass deviation predominantly between ±0.2 and 0.3 Da. We use in‐house developed software for mass recalibration, to eliminate the mass deviation effects and help with the detection of low‐intensity mass signals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低温富集/GC-MS分析南丰蜜桔果肉成分的方法研究

建立了低温富集/气相色谱-质谱测定南丰蜜桔果肉成分的方法。对样品前处理中的溶剂种类、冷冻温度以及冷冻时间进行了优化,最终确定低温富集的前处理条件：正己烷为萃取溶剂;冷冻温度为-40 ℃;冷冻时间选择1 h。结果表明,采用低温富集/GC-MS结合保留指数定性对南丰蜜桔果肉进行成分分析,共鉴别出64种主要成分,主要包括酯类、萜烯类、醇类以及烷烃类。将低温富集所得结果分别与常温液液萃取结果及文献结果进行比较,所建立的方法可选择性富集一些极性大、热稳定性较差、难挥发性的物质。     

氧化抑制-液相色谱法测定水果中乙氧基喹啉的残留

建立了氧化抑制-液相色谱法准确测定苹果、梨中乙氧基喹啉残留量的方法。通过另一抗氧化剂的引入,有效抑制了乙氧基喹啉的氧化反应。优化了抗氧化剂的种类及用量,在样品制备时加入适量维生素C,以正己烷作为提取溶液,氮吹至近干,乙腈定容后,经C18色谱柱分离,以乙腈和水作为流动相梯度洗脱,液相色谱/荧光法测定,外标法定量。该法对苹果、梨中乙氧基喹啉的定量下限均为0.05 mg/kg,在样品中分别添加0.05、1.0、3.0、6.0 mg/kg浓度水平的乙氧基喹啉,回收率为79.4%~108%,相对标准偏差为3.8%~9.3%。该法通过有效抑制乙氧基喹啉的氧化,能准确用于苹果、梨中乙氧基喹啉的测定。     

茨藻科(Najadaceae)植物的果皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

用扫描电镜对国产茨藻科６种代表植物的果皮微形态特征进行了观察．结果表明茨藻科植物在果皮表面细胞形态、径向壁凸出与否、切向壁上的疣状颗粒以及角质突起的类型等方面存在较大的差异，可作为种级水平分类的依据，并根据果皮微形态特征作出了茨藻属植物分种检索表．茨藻科植物在果皮表面具较密集的疣状颗粒等方面与水鳖科水筛属和苦草属等类群十分相似，因而支持了Ｍｉｋｉ（１９３７）和Ｓｈａｆｆｅｒ－Ｆｅｈｒｅ（１９９１）等关于茨藻科和水鳖科近缘的观点．     

微波溶样AAS法测定新疆杏脯中的微量元素

微波溶样技术是近年来产生的一种嵌新的极有前途的溶样技术。本文采用微波消解溶样，利用原子吸收法对新疆食用杏脯中甘些微量元素含量进行测定，进行了消化条件及消化结果的准确度、精密度等试验，结果表明高压微波消化法具有消解完全、结果准确的优点。     

石榴果汁饮品的研制与开发

石榴被称为药食兼用的果中之王，由于其特殊的性质，严重制约了它的深加工和规模化生产，为此，本文经过多次试验，在石榴果汁饮品加工方法及品质的保障等方面取得了较大的进展，使食用不便的石榴被加工成富有保健功效的特色果汁，具有许多产品无法比拟的独到特点。     

MLC Determination of Preservatives in Cranberry Foodstuffs

Optimized conditions for the determination of 14 food preservatives were selected by using interpretative optimization strategy and Derringer’s desirability function for combining three main chromatographic goals: resolution, separation time and ruggedness. The best mobile phase for separation by micellar liquid chromatography contains 0.045 M SDS and 1.0% (v/v) 1-pentanol at pH 2.5 adjusted with trichloroacetic acid. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by analysis of spiked samples and is useful for routine analysis of food preservatives in drinks due to simple sample preparation, safety and low cost of micellar mobile phases. Presented in part by A.P. Boichenko at the 4th Black Sea Basin Conference on Analytical Chemistry, 19–23 September, 2007, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria.