磨料形貌及分散介质对4H碳化硅晶片研磨质量的影响研究

研磨作为4H碳化硅(4H-SiC)晶片加工的重要工序之一，对4H-SiC衬底晶圆的质量具有重要影响。本文研究了金刚石磨料形貌和分散介质对4H-SiC晶片研磨过程中材料去除速率和面型参数的影响，基于研磨过程中金刚石磨料与4H-SiC晶片表面的接触情况，推导出简易的晶片材料去除速率模型。研究结果表明，磨料形貌显著影响4H-SiC晶片的材料去除速率，材料去除速率越高，晶片的总厚度变化(TTV)越小。由于4H-SiC中C面和Si面的各向异性，4H-SiC晶片研磨过程中C面的材料去除速率高于Si面。在分散介质的影响方面：水基体系研磨液的Zeta电位绝对值较高，磨料分散均匀，水的高导热系数有利于控制研磨过程中的盘面温度；乙二醇体系研磨液的Zeta电位绝对值小，磨料易发生团聚，增大研磨过程的磨料切入深度，晶片的材料去除速率提高，晶片最大划痕深度随之增大。     

Optimization of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solutions by functionalized graphene and the reversible magnetic recovery of the adsorbent using response surface methodology

Novel functionalized graphene adsorbent was prepared and characterized using different techniques. The prepared adsorbent was applied for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution. A response surface methodology was used to evaluate the simple and combined effects of the various parameters, including adsorbent dosage, pH, and initial concentration. Under the optimal conditions, the cadmium removal performance of 70% was achieved. A good agreement between experimental and predicted data in this study was observed. The experimental results revealed of cadmium adsorption with high linearity follow Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 502 mg g^?1, and the adsorption data fitted well into pseudo‐second order model. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption process has exothermic and spontaneous nature. The recommended optimum conditions are: cadmium concentration of 970 mg L^?1, adsorbent dosage of 1 g L^?1, pH of 6.18, and T = 25 °C. The magnetic recovery of the adsorbent was performed using a magnetic surfactant to form a noncovalent magnetic functionalized graphene. After magnetic recovery of the adsorbent both components (adsorbent and magnetic surfactant) were recycled by tuning the surface charges through changing the pH of the solution. Desorption behavior studied using HNO₃ solution indicated that the adsorbent had the potential for reusability.     

Novel titanate nanotubes-cyanocobalamin materials: Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic properties for pollutants removal

New hybrid nanomaterials, with improved photocatalytic performance in pollutants removal, were obtained through the modification of titanate nanotubes (TNT) with a cobalt porphyrin, the cyanocobalamin, also knowing as vitamin B12 (B12). The nanocrystalline TNT were produced by hydrothermal treatment and after treated with cobalamin to produce B12-TNT materials. The characterization of the new hybrid material was performed by XRD, FTIR, TEM-EDS, DRS, XPS and ICP. The results show that the immobilization of the cobalt containing specie is dependent on the point of zero charge of the TNT and no modifications on the structure and morphology were observed. No significant changes in the optical band gap were observed after B12 incorporation, but an increasing in the visible light absorption, which arises from charge transfer and d–d transitions of the cobalt, was visualized. The samples photocatalytic performance was studied for the hydroxyl radical production and the highest catalytic ability was achieved by the B12-HTNT sample. The catalytic ability of these new hybrid nanomaterials for two model pollutants photodegradation, phenol and rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated. For both pollutants, the best results were achieved using B12-HTNT with a removal of 94% of a 10 ppm RhB and 87% of a 20 ppm phenol solution in 90 min of irradiation (150 mL, 0.2 g catalyst/L).     

基于LIBS及时间分辨特征峰的激光除漆机理研究

激光除漆是一种高效、清洁的新型清洗技术，对激光除漆物理过程和机理的研究是该技术发展的关键。基于LIBS技术，测量得到油漆去除过程中等离子体的发光光谱，计算出油漆样品去除前后等离子体的电子密度和温度，研究了油漆中特征元素对应的光谱特征峰强度随时间的变化情况。结果表明，随着激光作用脉冲数量的增加，油漆去除深度逐渐增加，等离子体电子密度和温度在将漆去除干净的最后几个脉冲作用时呈下降趋势。油漆中Ti元素的所对应的特征峰信号持续时间为2个μs，油漆去除前后信号强度呈现跳跃减少，该现象可用于快速、准确、实时的判断油漆去除情况。     

冶金法生产太阳能级硅的除硼方法、技术及工艺

太阳能作为一种绿色可再生能源受到了广泛关注,而杂质去除是从冶金级硅中获得太阳能级硅所需的纯化过程,对硅基太阳能电池的制备至关重要。冶金法制备太阳能级多晶硅新工艺技术由于其能耗低、成本低和污染少等优点,成为研究开发的热点,但如何有效地去除硼是我们面临的最严峻的挑战之一。本文综述了硼的热力学和动力学性质(溶解度、扩散率、扩散系数、传质系数和活度系数)以及近年来除硼的相关课题研究(吹气、炉渣处理、等离子体处理、酸浸和溶剂精炼)。研究发现,溶剂精炼是一种很有前途的获取高纯硅的方法,硅的富集率以及硼的去除率均可达到90%以上,而添加剂能够加强硼化物的形成和析出来改进除硼工艺,且后续几乎可被完全消除,不会对精炼硅造成污染,这将更加有效除硼并增加工艺实用性。最后本文对几种除硼工艺进行了比较分析,并对冶金法的应用前景进行了展望。     

How preparation and modification parameters affect PB‐PEO polymersome properties in aqueous solution

The effect of formation and modification methods on the physical properties of polymersomes is critical for their use in applications relying on their ability to mimic functional properties of biological membranes. In this study, we compared two formation methods for polymersomes made from polybutadiene‐polyethylene oxide diblock copolymers: detergent‐mediated film rehydration (DFR) and solvent evaporation (SE). DFR‐prepared polymersomes showed a three times higher permeability compared to SE‐prepared polymersomes as revealed by stopped‐flow light scattering. SE‐prepared polymersomes broke down faster to structures <50 nm diameter when processed with extrusion, which was more pronounced at 5 mg mL^?1, compared to 10, 20, and 25 mg mL^?1. Our results indicate that the bilayer of SE‐prepared polymersomes has a lower apparent fluidity. We also investigated the role of n‐octyl‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside (OG), a detergent typically used for reconstitution of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers. Specifically, we compared dialysis and biobeads for OG removal to investigate the influence of these methods on bilayer conformation and polymer rearrangement following detergent removal. There was no significant difference found between method, temperature, or time within each method. Our findings provide insight on how biocompatible polymersome production affects the physical properties of the resulting polymersomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 1581–1592     

Heavy Metal Removal from Synthetic Solutions with Magnetic Beads Under Magnetic Field

The aim of this study is to prepare magnetic beads which can be used for the removal of heavy metal ions from synthetic solutions. Magnetic poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate‐vinyl imidazole) [m‐poly(EGDMA‐VIM)] beads were produced by suspension polymerization in the presence of magnetite Fe₃O₄ nano‐powder. The specific surface area of the m‐poly(EGDMA‐VIM) beads was found to be 63.1 m²/g with a size range of 150–200 µm in diameter and the swelling ratio was 85%. The average Fe₃O₄ content of the resulting m‐poly(EGDMA‐VIM) beads was 12.4%. The maximum binding capacities of the m‐poly(EGDMA‐VIM) beads were 32.4 mg/g for Cu²⁺, 45.8 mg/g for Zn²⁺, 84.2 mg/g for Cd²⁺and 134.5 mg/g for Pb²⁺. The affinity order on mass basis is Pb²⁺>Cd²⁺>Zn²⁺>Cu²⁺. Equilibrium data agreed well with the Langmuir model. pH significantly affected the binding capacity of the magnetic beads. Binding of heavy metal ions from synthetic wastewater was also studied. The binding capacities were 26.2 mg/g for Cu²⁺, 33.7 mg/g for Zn²⁺, 54.7 mg/g for Cd²⁺ and 108.4 mg/g for Pb²⁺. The magnetic beads could be regenerated up to about 97% by treating with 0.1 M HNO₃. These features make m‐poly(EGDMA‐VIM) beads a potential candidate for support of heavy metal removal under magnetic field.     

Rapid Removal of Organics and Oil Spills from Waters Using Silicone Rubber “Sponges”

We have developed a simple, robust, and efficient technology utilizing cheap and recoverable materials based on commercially available silicone elastomer networks for removing organic solvents and crude oil from waters. Hydrophobic and oleophilic properties of silicone elastomers endow poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with the capacity to absorb a large variety of organics, including benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and xylene (X), commonly referred to as BTEX, and also crude oils, while at the same time enabling the organic “sponges” to float on waters, which facilitates straightforward handling. We developed a method for generating PDMS particles with variable sizes (ranging from hundreds nanometers to few millimeters) by drop-wise depositing siloxane/cross-linker mixtures into warm water, a process which leads to the cross-linking of the PDMS components. We have tested the capability of the PDMS particles to remove toluene and benzene from water. We also performed similar experiments by utilizing PDMS sheets. In both instances we observed a rapid sorption of the organic phase into PDMS; the amount of absorbed organic solvent depended on the concentration in water and the total mass (volume) of PDMS and did not depend on the geometry of the PDMS “sponge.” In addition, we have examined the uptake of toluene and benzene from toluene/benzene (T/B) mixtures dissolved in water. Our results indicate that the amount of benzene absorbed from the T/B mixtures into PDMS increases relative to the uptake from pure benzene/water solutions. This behavior is associated with toluene acting as a “surfactant” that effectively replaces the more unfavorable PDMS/B contacts with less costly T/B ones. Finally, a simple experiment demonstrates qualitatively that PDMS is also capable of removing crude oils from oil-contaminated waters.     

MgO脱除HCN的动力学研究

研究了MgO在不同温度下对HCN的脱除作用,并用XRD对反应后固相产物进行分析。研究了温度、MgO质量分数、HCN初始体积分数和停留时间等因素对HCN脱除效率的影响,并求出MgO与HCN反应的动力学参数。结果表明,673 K时,MgO已经开始与HCN发生反应,当温度高于873 K时,HCN中气态"N"已转化到固相产物MgCN₂中;HCN脱除效率随温度、MgO质量分数和停留时间的增加呈线性增加,但随HCN初始体积分数增加呈负幂函数的规律下降;MgO与HCN的反应级数α为0.72,表观活化能E为32.2 kJ/mol。     

Cleansing contaminated seawaters using marine cyanobacteria: evaluation of trace metal removal from the medium

The use of microbial biomass in biosorption is already being studied as a potential alternative to (or combined with) conventional processes, where several algae and microorganisms have already shown promising ability to uptake metals. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are widespread organisms, with specific properties, such as high nutrient removal capacity and tolerance to highly variable conditions which make them well-suited for wastewater and remediation purposes. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the use of a marine cyanobacterium LEANCYA 21 (Synechocystis sp.), collected from the Portuguese southern border, for the removal of selected trace metals when in natural seawater culture medium. It was observed, for the first time, that this particular strain is capable of uptaking Pb, Ni and Zn (at nM levels) from seawater solutions using small amounts of biomass. Uptake values for Pb were up to 90% (0.75 mg g^?1 biomass) in 6 h. The specific biosorption curves of Ni and Zn showed that these metals follow a first order kinetics biosorption in batch conditions. Solutions containing multimetals have revealed that Ni uptake is affected by the presence of Pb and Zn. The calculated specific absorption values were high enough to predict a possible application in aquaculture where such low levels of metals may inhibit microalgae growth.