化学动力学中隧道效应的研究（Ⅱ）──甲醛单分子反应渠道间的相互作用研究

对甲醛单分子热反应模拟给出了分子渠道Ｅｃｋａｒｔ垒，计算了该渠道在不同温度下的隧道校正因子，研究了分子渠道与游离基渠道间的相互作用，计算了存在反应渠道间相互作用时各渠道的Ｋ＿（ｕｎｉ）（ｉ）、Ｅａ（ｉ），分子渠道考虑隧道效应，而游离基渠道无隧道效应，计算结果与实验结果一致。     

Intramolecular proton transfer induced by divalent alkali earth metal cation in the gas state

Interactions between divalent alkali earth metal (DAEM) ions M (M?Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and the second stable glycine conformer in the gas phase, which can transfer into the ground‐state glycine‐M²⁺ (except the glycine–Be²⁺) among each corresponding isomers when these divalent metal ions are bound, are studied at the hybrid three‐parameter B3LYP level with three different basis sets. Proton transfers from the hydroxyl to the amino nitrogen of the glycine without energy barriers have been first observed in the gas phase in these glycine–M²⁺ systems. The interaction between the glycine and these DAEM ions except beryllium and magnesium ion only create an amino hydrogen pointing to the original hydroxyl due to their weaker interaction relative to those divalent transition metal (DTM) ion‐bound glycine derivatives, being obviously different from that between the glycine and DTM ions, in which two amino hydrogens point to the original hydroxyl oxygen when these metal‐chelated glycine derivatives are produced. The interaction energy between the glycine and divalent magnesium would be the boundary of one or two amino hydrogens pointing to the hydrogyl oxygen, i.e., the ?170.3 kcal/mol of binding energy is a critical point. Similar intramolecular proton transfer has also been predicted for those DTM ion‐chelated glycine systems; however, that in the gas state has not been observed in the monovalent metal ion‐coordinated glycine systems. The binding energy between some monovalent TM ion and the glycine is similar to that of the glycine–Ba²⁺, which has the lowest binding strength among these DAEM–ion chelated glycine complexes. The difference among them only lies in the larger electrostatic and polarized effects in the latter, which favor the stability of the zwitterionic glycine form in the gas phase. According to these observations, we predict that the zwitterionic glycine would exist in the field of two positive charges in the gas phase. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 94: 205–214, 2003     

Rotational barrier for 1-acetyl-2-(p-methoxy benzyl)-3-pyrroline

Calculation of the rotational barriers for the trans- and cis-forms of 2-(p-methoxy)-1-acetyl-pyrroline are presented in this paper. It is found that thetrans-isomer is slightly more favourable energetically, while the rotations of the cis-form are highly impeded. Hence the relevant rotations are in thetrans-form which stabilizes its energy by forming a weak inner proton bond between the carbonyl oxygen and the pyrroline ring. The acetyl rotational barrier is of the order of 8 kcal, which is well in accord with experimental data reported in the literature for other acetyl-amide derivatives.[/p]Work supported in part by Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo.     

Effect of ether versus ester tethering on Heck cyclizations

Ether tethers allow Heck cyclizations to proceed in high yields. Ester tethers lead to low yields. Styrene trapping experiments indicate that ester reactions form viable organopalladium intermediates that cannot cyclize efficiently.     

Product analysis and mechanism of toluene degradation by low temperature plasma with single dielectric barrier discharge

A single dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) low-temperature plasma reactor was set up, and toluene was selected as the representative substance for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to study the reaction products and degradation mechanism of VOCs degradation by low-temperature plasma. Different parameters effect on the concentration of O₃ and NO_x during the degradation of toluene were studied. The exhaust in the process of toluene degradation was continuously detected and analyzed, and the degradation mechanism of toluene was explored. The results showed that the concentration of O₃ increased with the increase of the power density and discharge voltage of the plasma device. However, as the initial concentration of toluene increased, the concentration of O₃ basically keep steady. The concentration of NO_x in the by-products increased with the discharge voltage, power density, and initial concentration of toluene in the plasma device, and the concentration of NO₂ was much higher than the concentration of NO. The degradation process of toluene was detected and analyzed. The results showed that the degradation mechanism of toluene by plasma includes high energy electron bombardment reaction, active radical reaction and ion molecule reaction. Among them, the effect of high-energy electrons on toluene degradation is the largest, followed by the effect of free radicals, in which oxygen radicals participated in the reaction mainly through the formation of C–O bond, CO bond, (CO)–O– bond and –OH radical, while nitrogen radicals participate in the reaction mainly through the formation of C–NH₂, (CNH)- bond, CN bond and C–NO₂ bond. The results can provide some data supports for the study of low-temperature plasma degradation of VOCs.     

NO2气相硝化金刚烷的计算研究

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)和半经验MO-PM3方法研究了NO₂气相硝化金刚烷反应机理. 计算结果表明, NO₂不能直接取代金刚烷H; 在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-31G* 较高水平下, 对三个可能机理的反应势垒(E_a)的精确计算表明, 该反应的决速步骤为NO₂中O和N进攻1-H的竞争过程, 且1-硝基金刚烷为主要产物. NO₂中O进攻1-H决速反应过程中, 分子几何、原子自然电荷及IR光谱变化表明, C—H键的断裂和N—H键的形成是一个协同过程; 参与新键形成和旧键断裂原子C(1), H(11), O(28), O(29)和N(27)的原子自然电荷及与其相关的键长、键角有明显的变化. 反应过程中体系偶极矩的变化表明, 极性溶剂能降低反应势垒, 有利于反应的进行.     

Tautomerism and stereochemistry of dihydroxyperylenequinones: Force field investigations

Summary Stereochemistry and tautomerism of cercosporin and several of its partial structure models were investigated using an MM2 derived force field method. Besides the propeller type conformer, which was found before by X-ray crystallography, the complicated energy hypersurface was shown to contain a novel double-butterfly conformer of similar stability. The interconversion barrier between these conformers and their enantiomers was found to be unusually high due to buttressing effects of neighbor substituents. Judged from the calculations, the 4,9-tautomer of cercosporin could also be present in favoring instances besides the 3,10-tautomer, whereas the 3,9-tautomer is strongly destabilized.

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Tautomerie und Stereochemie von Dihydroxyperylenchinonen: Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Kraftfeld-Methodik

Zusammenfassung Die Stereochemie von Cercosporin und einigen seiner Partialstrukturmodelle wurde Hilfe einer von MM2 abgeleiteten Kraftfeldmethodik untersucht. In der komplizierten Energiehyperfläche wurde neben dem aus der Röntgenstrukturanalyse bekannten Propeller-Konformeren auch ein neues Doppelschmetterling-Konformer ähnlicher Stabilität aufgefunden. Die Interkonversionsbarrieren zwischen diesen Konformeren und ihren Enantiomeren sind außergewöhnlich hoch, was auf einen Buttressing-Effekt der benachbarten Substituenten zurückgeführt wurde. Aus den Rechnungen folgte auch, daß neben dem 3,10-Tautomeren in günstigen Fällen auch das 4,9-Tautomere des Cercosporins vorliegen kann, wogegen das 3,9-Tautomere stark destabilisiert ist.

     

Variable low-mass filtering using an electrodynamic ion funnel

An adjustable low-mass filter has been developed for an electrospray ionization (ESI) source to block ions associated with unwanted background species from entering the mass spectrometer. The low-mass filter is made by using an adjustable potential energy barrier from the conductance-limiting plate of an electrodynamic ion funnel, which prohibits species with higher ion mobilities from exiting the ESI source. We show that this arrangement provides a linear voltage adjustment for low-mass filtering from m/z 0 to 500. Mass filtering above m/z 500 is also performed; however, higher-mass species are attenuated. The mass filter was tested with a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of a bovine serum albumin (BSA) tryptic digest and resulted in the ability to block low-mass, background species, which accounted for 40-70% of the total ion current immediately behind the ESI source during peak elution and detection.     

A molecular orbital study of the rotation about the C-C bond in 1,3-butadiene

The geometry and energy of 1,3-butadiene have been calculated using the 6-311G** basis set as a function of the CCCC dihedral angle-0 ° (trans), 30 °, 60 °, 75 °, 90 °, 120 °, 135 °, 150 °, 165 ° and 180 ° (cis)-assuming that the vinyl groups remain planar. Potential minima are located at 0 ° and 141.4 °, with the trans structure more stable than the gauche by 13.2 kJ mol^–1. Potential maxima are located at 76.7 °, giving a barrier height of 25.4 kJ mol^–1 relative to the trans structure, and at 180 ° giving a barrier height of 3.0 kJ mol^–1 relative to the 141.4 °-gauche structure. Using the 6-31G* basis set the inclusion of electron correlation, accounting for about 52% of the correlation energy, was found to produce no significant change in the shape of the potential energy curve. The magnitude of the expectation energy differences is such that both barriers with respect to the 14l.4 °-gauche maximum structure can be categorized unequivocally as attractive-dominant, whereas the values for the energy barrier with respect to the trans structure, although characteristic of a repulsive-dominant barrier at the 6–311G** level, are sufficiently small that higher level calculations might give the opposite result. Analysis of V _nn for the conversion reactions cis 150 °-gauche, trans 60 °-gauche, and trans 90 °-gauche in terms of the individual contributions from the various internuclear interactions shows that nonbonded interactions are important, not only in initiating the destabilization of the crowded cis structure, but also through-out the entire range of CCCC dihedral angles, 0 ° to 180 °.     

Hepatobiliary excretion and brain distribution of caffeine in rats using microdialysis

To investigate the pharmacokinetic mechanism of hepatobiliary excretion and brain distribution of caffeine, this study uses a method based on microdialysis technique and liquid chromatography that allows continuous and concurrent in vivo monitoring of extracellular caffeine in the blood, brain and bile of anesthetized rats following the administration of caffeine (3 or 10 mg/kg, i.v.) through the femoral vein. Dialysates of the blood, brain and bile were directly injected onto the liquid chromatographic system and no further clean-up procedures were required. The study design consisted of two groups of six rats in parallel: the rats of the control group received caffeine (3 or 10 mg/kg, i.v.) alone and those of the cyclosporine treated-group were injected cyclosporine (10 mg/kg, i.v.) 10 min prior to caffeine administration (3 or 10 mg/kg, i.v.). The decline of caffeine in the blood, brain striatum and bile suggested that caffeine had rapid exchange and equilibration between the peripheral compartment and the central nervous system. In addition, the results indicated that caffeine underwent hepatobiliary excretion and was distributed into brain. When cyclosporine was co-administered, the pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly altered. The results of this study reveal that the pharmacokinetic mechanism of hepatobiliary excretion and brain distribution of caffeine might not relate to P-glycoprotein.