钼酸根阴离子在增强聚苯胺包覆的镍钴层状氢氧化物的电容和析氧行为中的关键作用

理论容量大且过电位低的层状氢氧化物(LDHs)是极有前景的超级电容电池和析氧反应的电极材料;然而,体相LDHs的低电导率和活性位点不足增加了电极的内阻,降低了电极容量和产氧效率.本文采用两步法制备了聚苯胺包覆的MoO42?插层的镍钴层状双金属氢氧化物复合电极(M-LDH@PANI).随着LDH中MoO42?含量的增加,针状的LDH微球逐渐演化为具有较高比表面积的片状M-LDH微球,这为整个电极提供了更多的电化学位点.此外,非晶态的聚苯胺包覆提高了复合电极的电导率.在引入适量MoO42?插层离子时,M-LDH@PANI表现出显著强化的储能和催化性能.所获得的M-LDH@PANI-0.5在析氧反应中表现出优越的电催化活性(10 mA cm?2时的过电位为266 mV),作为超级电容电池电极则具有864.8 C g?1的高容量.采用M-LDH@PANI-0.5作为正极及以活性炭作为负极组装的超级电容电池在功率密度为8,300.0 W kg?1时能量密度为44.6 Wh kg?1,且具有优异的循环稳定性(10000次循环后保留83.9％的初始容量).本文为LDH基材料的阴离子插层改性增强材料性能的机理提供了一个非传统的解释.在上述研究基础上,采用射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和比表面积测试(BET)等手段对样品进行了深入表征.XRD结果表明,MoO42?插层的LDH材料的层间晶面(003)的峰随着MoO42?含量的增加而逐渐消失,这是由于晶面间距越大越容易受到晶粒细化的影响,间距大的晶格更容易受到破坏,导致晶格的展宽和弱化,从而间接证明MoO42?的成功插层.SEM、HRTEM和BET测试结果表明,MoO42?的含量对材料的形貌和比表面积具有重大影响.利用XPS对样品的价态进行了研究,发现随着MoO42?含量的增加,Co和Ni的价态没有明显变化.电化学测试结果表明,电极的储能和催化性能随MoO42?含量的增加而先增加后减小.利用理论计算分析了MoO42?在LDH中的插层行为,发现少量的MoO42?有利于扩大LDH的层间间距,而过量的MoO42?则会与LDH的H原子结合,从而与电解液中的OH?竞争,导致复合电极的电化学性能下降.此外,MoO42?插层的片状微球能有效调节材料的去质子化能,大大加速电极表面的氧化还原反应.因此,MoO42?插层能够显著强化LDH基材料的超级电容电池电极和OER催化剂电化学性能.     

通过"双离子键"固载于季鏻盐聚合物的[Rh(CO)I3]2–物种在多相乙醇羰基化中的应用

贵金属物种(Rh或Ir络合物)在均相羰基化和氢甲酰化催化过程得到了广泛的应用,但始终存在分离繁琐等问题,其均相多相化可很大程度上简化分离操作,故一直广受重视.单位点催化剂因其具有可与均相相比拟的较高金属利用率和选择性而成为均相多相化的重要研究方向之一.研究发现,在碘物种存在的情况下用于固载金属物种的配位键容易断裂,进而导致金属物种的流失,而通过离子键固载的[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–物种更加稳定,比如著名的甲醇羰基化“Acetica^TM”工艺中,[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–负一价阴离子物种是以离子键的方式固定在带有阳离子骨架的甲基化聚乙烯吡啶树脂上.与甲醇羰基化过程类似的乙醇羰基化过程是生产重要化工中间体丙酸的主要途径之一,但该过程的均相多相化始终存在着稳定性差这一关键问题.为了解决这一问题,基于之前将固载于季鏻盐聚合物的[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–应用于甲醇羰基化的工作,我们将类似的季鏻盐聚合物固载Rh基催化剂Rh-TPISP用于多相乙醇羰基化过程,通过多种表征进一步证明了Rh物种和P物种结构,并提出了“双离子键”模型.P的K边XANES证明了聚合物TPISP的季鏻化阳离子骨架特征.HAADF-STEM测试表明Rh-TPISP中的Rh呈现单位点分散的状态.Rh的XPS和XANES结果证明了Rh-TPISP中Rh物种的价态介于0~+1.通过EXAFS的拟合解析给出了[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–活性中心结构.由于[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–为经典的羰基化活性中心,为了进一步证明该结构的正确性,我们将Rh-TPISP的EXAFS和IR谱图与标样[PPh3Et]⁺[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–对比发现:在EXAFS谱图中,Rh-TPISP中的Rh-C峰高低于[PPh3Et]+[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–的Rh-C峰高,而Rh-TPISP中的Rh-I峰高高于[PPh3Et]+[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–的Rh-I峰高,这就说明Rh-TPISP中Rh物种的Rh-C配位数小于2,而Rh-I配位数大于2;在IR谱图中,标样[PPh3Et]+[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–中有两个羰基振动峰,与该物种的两个Rh-C配位键相符,而Rh-TPISP中的只有一个羰基振动峰,说明Rh-C配位数为1.因此,Rh-TPISP催化剂的季鏻盐骨架中的每个P物种带有一个正电荷,每个带有两个负电荷的[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–通过与两个[P]⁺的静电作用进行固载,形成“双离子键”结构.该催化剂在固定床乙醇羰基化过程中表现出优异的羰基化活性、选择性和稳定性.在3.5 MPa、195 oC反应近1000 h后,Rh-TPISP催化剂TOF保持在约350 h–1,丙酰基选择性为95%以上,高出所有文献报道的均相和多相乙醇羰基化活性.其较高的活性主要是因为[Rh(CO)I₃]^2–比传统Rh活性相[Rh(CO)₂I₂]^–具有更强的富电子性,而较高的稳定性主要是由于“双离子键”这种强静电作用比“AceticaTM”工艺中“单离子键”更有利于Rh物种的固载.故Rh-TPISP催化剂中的“双离子键”对其优异的催化性能具有极其重要的作用,对后续多相乙醇羰基化的发展具有重要意义.     

TiO2晶面依赖的Ir-TiOx相互作用对Ir/TiO2催化剂巴豆醛选择性加氢性能的影响

α,β-不饱和醇是一类重要的精细化学品,主要通过α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢获得.由于α,β-不饱和醛分子中含有共轭的C=C键和C=O键,且后者键能更大,在热力学和动力学上均不利于C=O键的选择性加氢生成α,β-不饱和醇.因此,提高α,β-不饱和醛中C=O的加氢选择性是催化领域中一项挑战性的课题.巴豆醛属于典型的α,β-不饱和醛,研究其选择性加氢生成巴豆醇具有广泛的代表意义;Ir负载在具有还原性载体(如TiO2)上时,表现出很好的C=O加氢选择性,因此,成为近年来的研究热点.由于暴露不同晶面的TiO2具有不同的形貌和电子结构,因此研究Ir-TiO2相互作用的晶面依赖性及其对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响具有重要意义.本文以分别暴露{101}、{100}和{001}晶面的锐钛矿TiO2纳米晶为载体,制备了负载型Ir/TiO2催化剂,系统研究了催化剂经过不同的预处理过程(在不同温度下H2还原和O2再氧化)后对巴豆醛的气相选择性加氢的性能.利用高分辨透射电镜、原位X射线光电子能谱和原位漫反射红外光谱及氨程序升温脱附等技术研究发现,预处理条件显著改变了Ir-TiOx的相互作用,包括Ir金属的几何、电子性质及催化剂表面酸性.这种相互作用与TiO2的暴露晶面密切相关,从而改变了不同Ir/TiO2催化剂上不同加氢反应行为.研究结果表明,经300℃预还原的Ir/TiO2-{101}催化剂催化性能最好,在80℃下初始反应速率为166.1 μmol g-Ir-1 s-1,巴豆醇的生成转化频率为0.022 s-1.与其他催化剂相比,Ir/TiO2-{101}催化剂表面Ir0浓度最高,表面酸度适中,因此表现出最佳的催化性能.同时Ir-TiOx界面在反应中的协同作用,对H2和巴豆醛分子中C=O键的吸附和活化起到了关键作用.然而当催化剂经过400℃的H2预还原后,由于产生了强的金属-载体相互作用使得TiOx对Ir粒子进行了包裹从而导致Ir-TiOx界面缺失,因而催化剂催化巴豆醛加氢性能降低.本文为理解金属-载体相互作用对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响提供了新的见解,并为设计高性能α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢催化剂提供了理论依据.     

Long-term super-resolution imaging of mitochondrial dynamics

Monitoring dynamics of mitochondria has become an essential approach to explore the function of mitochondria in living cells with the emergence of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. However, long-term super-resolution imaging of mitochondria is still challenging due to the lack of photostable fluorescent probes and stable mitochondria-specific markers which are not affected by the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential. Here, we introduce a method for long-term imaging mitochondrial dynamic through the SNAP-tag fluorogenic probe based on 4-azetidinyl-naphthalimide derivatives. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), we observed the fusion and fission of mitochondria over a course of 16 min at 109 nm resolution. Furthermore, the interactions as well as fusion between mitochondria and lysosomes were studied during mitophagy at the nanoscale. Convincingly, the combination of SNAP-tag fluorogenic probes and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy will offer a new way to monitor dynamic mitochondria in living cells.     

Implications of Nitrogen Doping on Geometrical and Electronic Structure of the Fullerene Dimers

Because of its unsaturated bonds, C₆₀ is susceptible to polymerize into dimers. The implications of nitrogen doping on the geometrical and electronic structure of C₆₀ dimers have been ambiguous for years. A quarter‐century after the discovery of azafullerene dimer (C₅₉N)₂, we reported its single crystallographic structure in 2019. Herein, the unambiguous crystal structure information of (C₅₉N)₂ is elucidated specifically, revealing that the inter‐cage C—C single bond length of (C₅₉N)₂ is comparable with that of an ordinary C(sp³)‐C(sp³) single bond, and that the most stable conformer of (C₅₉N)₂ is gauche‐conformer with a dihedral angle of 66°. To amend the structural deviations, geometrical structure of (C₅₉N)₂ is optimized by a B3LYP‐D3BJ function, which is proved to be more consistent with its single crystal structure than those by the commonly used B3LYP function. Moreover, the calculation method is also suitable for other representative fullerene dimers, such as (C₆₀)₂ and its divalent anion. Additionally, the dissociation of (C₅₉N)₂ at 473 K under mass spectrometric conditions suggests the inter‐cage C—C bond is relatively weaker than an ordinary C—C single bond, which can be explained by the interaction energies of inter‐cages.     

Contradictory effect of gold nanoparticle-decorated molybdenum sulfide nanocomposites on amyloid-β-40 aggregation

The effect of gold nanoparticle-decorated molybdenum sulfide (AuNP-MoS₂) nanocomposites on amyloid-β-40 (Aβ₄₀) aggregation was investigated. The interesting discovery was that the effect of AuNP-MoS₂ nanocomposites on Aβ₄₀ aggregation was contradictory. Low concentration of AuNP-MoS₂ nanocomposites could enhance the nucleus formation of Aβ₄₀ peptides and accelerate Aβ₄₀ fibrils aggregation. However, although high concentration of AuNP-MoS₂ nanocomposites could enhance the nucleus formation of Aβ₄₀ peptides, it eventually inhibited Aβ₄₀ aggregation process. It might be attributed to the interaction between AuNP-MoS₂ nanocomposites and Aβ₄₀ peptides. For low concentration of AuNP-MoS₂ nanocomposites, it was acted as nuclei, resulting in the acceleration of the nucleation process. However, the structural flexibility of Aβ₄₀ peptides was limited as the concentration of AuNP-MoS₂ nanocomposites was increased, resulting in the inhibition of Aβ₄₀ aggregation. These findings suggested that AuNP-MoS₂ nanocomposites might have a great potential to design new multifunctional material for future treatment of amyloid-related diseases.     

Understanding the dehydrogenation mechanism over iron nanoparticles catalysts based on density functional theory

The conversion of chemical feedstock materials into high value-added products accompanied with dehydrogenation is of great value in the chemical industry.However,the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction is inhibited by a limited number of expensive noble metal catalysts and lacks understanding of dehydrogenation mechanism.Here,we report the use of heterogeneous non-noble metal iron nanoparticles(NPs) incorporated mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon to investigate the dehydrogenation mechanism based on experiment observation and density functional theory(DFT) method.Fe NPs catalyst displays excellent performance in the dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline(THQ)with 100% selectivity and 100% conversion for 10-12 h at room temperature.The calculated adsorption energy implies that THQ prefers to adsorb on Fe NPs as compared with absence of Fe NPs.What is more,the energy barrier of transition state is relatively low,illustrating the dehydrogenation is feasible.This work provides an atomic scale mechanism guidance for the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction and points out the direction for the design of new catalysts.     

基于聚乙二醇接枝丙烯酸树酯光固化电解质的制备及性能研究

聚氧化乙烯(PEO)(聚乙二醇(PEG))和丙烯酸树脂在聚合物基电解质中具有很好的应用,本文通过紫外光引发单/双官能度的聚乙二醇接枝丙烯酸树脂单体聚合构建了离子电导率高、易于封装,可避免电解质泄漏的准固态聚合物电解质.通过调控聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)和甲氧基聚乙二醇单甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGMA)2种单体的比例以及锂盐溶液的含量,成功制备出具有高离电导率的准固态聚合物电解质.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR),电化学工作站对PEGMA/PEGDA基聚合物电解质进行表征,研究各组分比例对电解质的电化学性能影响.当PEGMA/PEGDA单体比例为75/25,锂盐溶液的占比为75%时,形成的薄膜状态电解质表现出1.96×10^?3 S·cm^?1的高离子电导率,较原始配比提高了14倍.将制备的电解质应用于电致变色器件,在580个变色循环后,器件依然可以实现稳定快速的颜色切换,2种颜色变换时间均在3 s以内,本文中研究的聚醚接枝丙烯酸树酯基电解质材料在电致变色器件中有较好的应用前景.     

SCN掺杂提高CsPbI3胶体量子点的稳定性和光探测性能

无机卤化物钙钛矿CsPbI₃胶体量子点因其优越的光电性能在光伏和发光器件领域中表现出极大的发展前景。然而,CsPbI₃较差的稳定性阻碍了实际应用。为此,我们采用SCN?离子掺杂CsPbI₃(SCN-CsPbI₃)量子点用于提高量子点的光学性能和稳定性。研究表明,SCN?离子掺杂不仅减少了量子点缺陷、改善了光学性能,还提高了Pb-X键能、量子点结晶质量以及钙钛矿结构稳定性。结果表明,SCN-CsPbI₃量子点的荧光量子产率(PLQY)超过90%,远高于未掺杂原始样品(PLQY为68%)。高的荧光量子产率表明量子点具有较低的缺陷态密度,这归咎于缺陷的减少。空间限制电荷和时间分辨荧光光谱等研究也证实SCN?离子掺杂减少了量子点的缺陷。此外,SCN-CsPbI₃量子点展现出很好的抗水性能,其荧光强度在水中浸泡4 h后依然保持85%的初始值。而未掺杂原始样品的荧光性能很快消失,这是因为水诱导其相变。基于SCN-CsPbI₃量子点的光电探测器表现出宽波域响应(400–700 nm),高的响应率(90 mA·W^?1)和超过1011 Jones的探测度,远高于未掺杂原始量子点探测器的性能(响应率为60 mA·W^?1和探测度为1010 Jones)。     

Organophosphine bearing multiple hydrogen-bond donors for asymmetric Michael addition reaction of 1-oxoindane-2-carboxylic acid ester via dual-reagent catalysis

Multiple hydrogen bonds containing nucleophilic phosphines derived from dipeptide dual-reagents catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition reactions between indene esters and activated olefins in high yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities under mild reaction conditions. The success of current highly selective reactions should provide inspiration for expansion to other reactions and would open up new paradigms for the synthesis of indanone derivatives bearing chiral quaternary carbon centers.