Identification of Metabolites of Epimedin A in Rats Using UPLC/Q–TOF–MS

Herba Epimedii (Epimedium) is a kind of tonic herb, widely used in China. Epimedin A is a major component of Herba Epimedii with bioactivities. Analysis of the metabolic profile in vivo plays a pivotal role in understanding how traditional Chinese medicine works. And the metabolites of epimedin A might influence the effects of Herba Epimedii. Moreover, the metabolic routes of epimedin A provide an important basis for safety evaluation. Until now, little has been known about the metabolism of epimedin A. The current study was designed to characterize the metabolic pathways of epimedin A in vivo. The metabolites in rat plasma, bile, feces, and urine were identified by UPLC/Q–TOF–MS analysis. A total of 27 metabolites from epimedin A were detected or tentatively identified. The major metabolic processes were hydrolysis, hydrogenation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, demethylation, and conjugation with glucuronic acid and different sugars. The present study revealed the metabolic pathways of epimedin A in rat for the first time, and epimedin A could undergo extensive phase I and phase II metabolism in rat. These findings would provide an important basis for the further study and clinical application of epimedin A. In addition, the results of this work have shown the feasibility of the UPLC/Q–TOF–MS approach for rapid and reliable characterization of metabolites.     

Tirucallane‐Type Triterpenoids from Celastrus stylosus Wall.

Two new tirucallane‐type triterpenoids, (24Z)‐tirucalla‐7,24‐diene‐3β,11β,26‐triol ( 1 ) and (3S,24R)‐tirucall‐7‐ene‐3,24,25‐triol ( 2 ), along with the known compound celastrol ( 3 ), were isolated from the root barks of Celastrus stylosus Wall . The structures of 1 – 3 were established by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 2D NMR and MS analyses. It is the first report on tirucallane‐type triterpenoids from the genus Celastrus and may be of vital chemotaxonomic significance.     

N-Alkoxymethylation of heterocyclic compounds with diethyl phosphite via cleavage of P-O bond

N-Alkoxymethylation of heterocyclic compounds with diethyl phosphite via cleavage of P-O bond was investigated and a series of N3-ethoxymethylated heterocyclic compounds were synthesized. A mechanism in which diethyl phosphite acts as an efficient surrogate of ethanol was proposed and supported by several evidences.     

Synthesis of C2-functionalized pyrimidines from 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones by the Mitsunobu coupling reaction

The Biginelli 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one was converted to various C2-multifunctionalized pyrimidines via the dehydrogenation and Mitsunobu reaction using amines, alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids as nucleophiles. A possible mechanism was also proposed to rationalize the formation of products.     

Synthesis,structure, and DNA-binding properties of manganese(II) and zinc(II) complexes with tris(<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine ligand

Tris(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine (Mentb) and its two complexes, [Mn(Mentb)(DMF)(H₂O)](pic)₂ 1 and [Zn(Mentb)(pic)](pic) 2 (pic = picrate), have been synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the two complexes have different structures. In complex 1, the coordination sphere around Mn(II) is distorted octahedral, whereas in complex 2 the coordination sphere around Zn(II) is distorted trigonal bipyramidal. The DNA-binding properties of the free ligand and its two complexes have been investigated by electronic absorption, fluorescence, and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that the ligand and its two complexes bind to DNA via an intercalation binding mode, and their binding affinity for DNA follows the order 1 > 2 > ligand.     

A Schiff base ligand <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-(2-hydroxylacetophenone)-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamine and its nickel(II) complex: synthesis,crystal structure,antioxidation, and DNA-binding properties

A new Schiff base ligand N-(2-hydroxylacetophenone)-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamine (HL) and its Ni complex, [Ni₂(L)₂(NO₃)₂], have been synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The X-ray crystal structure of [Ni₂(L)₂(NO₃)₂] shows it to be a dinuclear 2:2 complex, in which each Ni(II) atom is in a distorted octahedral geometry. The two Ni(II) atoms are dibridged by two phenoxo ligands, forming a Ni₂O₂ parallelogram-type moiety. The interactions between free HL and the complex with calf thymus DNA have been investigated, and the binding constant and linear Stern–Volmer quenching constant suggest that the two compounds bind to DNA via the intercalation mode. The binding affinity of the complex was higher than that of HL. Antioxidant assays in vitro showed that the Ni(II) complex possesses significant antioxidant activity.     

Speciation of mercury in water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation of mercury in water samples was described. Firstly methylmercury (MeHg⁺) and mercury (Hg²⁺) were complexed with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and then the complexes were extracted into carbon tetrachloride by using DLLME. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factors of 138 and 350 for MeHg⁺ and Hg²⁺ were obtained from only 5.00 mL sample solution. The detection limits of the analytes (as Hg) were 0.0076 ng mL⁻¹ for MeHg⁺ and 0.0014 ng mL⁻¹ for Hg²⁺, respectively. The relative standard deviations for ten replicate measurements of 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ MeHg⁺ and Hg²⁺ were 6.9% and 4.4%, respectively. Standard reference material of seawater (GBW(E)080042) was analyzed to verify the accuracy of the method and the results were in good agreement with the certified values. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the speciation of mercury in three environmental water samples.     

烯烃亲电加成反应的教学研究

烯烃的典型反应是亲电加成反应.大学有机化学教学目标要求学生掌握并能熟练应用烯烃亲电加成反应的区域选择性、立体选择性以及烯烃的反应活性解决实际问题.具体包括:(1)使用区域选择性预测加成主副产物;(2)使用立体选择性判断加成产物立体结构;(3)综合考虑电子效应,熟练比较各种烯烃的反应活性.由于烯烃亲电加成反应底物多、影响...     

Facile and efficient approach to speed up layer-by-layer assembly: dipping in agitated solutions

A facile and efficient approach has been developed to speed up the fabrication of LBL films through sequential dipping in vigorously agitated solutions. By this agitated-dipping (AD) LBL technique, the multilayer films of PAH and PSS were fabricated. The resulting films were explored by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray reflectivity, and AFM. Meanwhile, the comparison of the AD and conventional LBL films was made, which demonstrated that AD LBL can decrease dipping time by more than 15 times without reducing film quality remarkably. In addition, to verify the generality of AD LBL, we studied the AD LBL films of PDDA/PSS and PAH/PAA preliminarily as well. AD LBL promotes the efficiency of conventional LBL greatly while preserving its most advantages, such as simplicity, cheapness, precise control, universality in substrates, recycling use of sample solutions, and so on. It would be a promising alternative to build up LBL films rapidly.