Combined QM/MM study of the opsin shift in bacteriorhodopsin

Combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations and molecular dynamics simulations of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) in the membrane matrix have been carried out to determine the factors that make significant contributions to the opsin shift. We found that both solvation and interactions with the protein significantly shifts the absorption maximum of the retinal protonated Schiff base, but the effects are much more pronounced in polar solvents such as methanol, acetonitrile, and water than in the protein environment. The differential solvatochromic shifts of PSB in methanol and in bR leads to a bathochromic shift of about 1800 cm(-1). Because the combined QM/MM configuration interaction calculation is essentially a point charge model, this contribution is attributed to the extended point-charge model of Honig and Nakanishi. The incorporation of retinal in bR is accompanied by a change in retinal conformation from the 6-s-cis form in solution to the 6-s-trans configuration in bR. The extension of the pi-conjugated system further increases the red-shift by 2400 cm(-1). The remaining factors are due to the change in dispersion interactions. Using an estimate of about 1000 cm(-1) in the dispersion contribution by Houjou et al., we obtained a theoretical opsin shift of 5200 cm(-1) in bR, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 5100 cm(-1). Structural analysis of the PSB binding site revealed the specific interactions that make contributions to the observed opsin shift. The combined QM/MM method used in the present study provides an opportunity to accurately model the photoisomerization and proton transfer reactions in bR.     

保健食品中违禁药物检验技术研究进展

保健食品是适用于特定人群、具有调节作用、不以治疗疾病为目的的食品。随着人们生活水平的提高和对健康的追求，保健食品市场日益增大。目前，制售假冒伪劣保健产品、虚假宣传保健食品功效和欺诈式销售产品是制约保健食品产业可持续发展的主要因素。尤其是保健食品中违禁药物的非法添加，使保健食品的食用安全存在较大隐患，严重降低消费者的信心。对保健食品违禁添加的药物进行有效监管，对保护消费者权益具有十分重要的意义。该综述以与保健功能声称相关的药物药理作用为溯源基础，系统梳理了保健食品中可能非法添加的违禁药物种类，重点介绍常见的8类保健食品违禁药物检测技术进展，包括液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法、直接实时分析质谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、核磁共振波谱法、红外光谱法、高分辨质谱法等，以期为保健食品违禁药物检测标准的研制和日常监测提供参考，同时对保健食品中违禁药物添加的趋势和检验技术发展进行了简单展望。     

Biosorption of 241Am by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae

More than half of the world's annual production of radionuclides is used for medical purposes such as diagnostic imaging of diseases and patient therapy. Using aqueous homogeneous solution reactor technology, production quantities of medical radioisotopes ⁹⁹Mo and⁸⁹Sr, can be extracted from one reactor cycle. ⁹⁹Mo may be produced directly from UO₂SO₄ uranyl sulfate in an aqueous homogeneous solution nuclear reactor in a manner that produces high purity radionuclides, making efficient use of the reactor's uranium fuel solution. The process is relatively simple, economical, and waste free, eliminating uranium targets. The short-lived radioisotope ^99mTc is eluted from ⁹⁹Mo for diagnostic imaging. Radioisotope ⁸⁹Sr infusion is a therapeutic modality that reduces reliance on narcotic analgesia through palliation of metastatic bone pain caused by metastases of the cancer to the bone. Painful disseminated osseous metastases are common with carcinomas of the lung, prostate, and breast. Synergistic interleaving of two manufacturing processes, one producing ⁹⁹Mo and another producing ⁸⁹Sr in the same production cycle of an aqueous homogeneous solution reactor makes full and efficient use of the time for both the neutron irradiation stage and the extraction stage of each radionuclide. Interleaving the capture of ⁸⁹Sr radioisotope with production processing of ⁹⁹Mo radioisotope is achieved, since the extraction and subsequent elimination of radionuclide impurities occurs during separate parts of the reactor cycle. The process applies to either HEU or LEU nuclear fuels in an aqueous homogeneous solution reactor.     

固定化脂肪酶催化合成6,6'-海藻糖月桂酸酯

 以吸附在硅藻土上的假丝酵母（Candidasp．1619）脂肪酶为催\r\n化剂，在无溶剂体系中，研究了月桂酸与海藻糖的酯化反应．结果表明\r\n，反应温度为47℃，pH为7．0，月桂酸与海藻糖的摩尔比大于6时酯化\r\n反应的转化率较高．在3．2mmol（0．64g）月桂酸、0．2mmol（0．07\r\n6g，即53μl浓度为1．43g／ml的糖溶液）海藻糖和200mg固定化脂肪酶\r\n（1000U）组成的反应体系中，于47℃振荡反应36h，以海藻糖月桂酸双\r\n酯计算，酯化程度达95％以上．用有机溶剂提取的反应产物经薄层色谱\r\n提纯后进行13CNMR分析，结果表明，产物主要是6，6’－海藻糖月桂酸\r\n酯，其纯度为90％～95％．     

A theoretical investigation of the enol content of acetic acid and the acetate ion in aqueous solution

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations and statistical Monte Carlo simulations employing a combined quantum and molecular mechanical potential were used to determine the enol contents of acetic acid and the acetate ion in aqueous solution. A pK_E of 19.3 ± 0.3 was predicted for the keto-enol equilibrium of acetic acid, and 21.8 ± 0.8 for the acetate ion in water. The results are found to be in good accord with Guthrie's calculations based on disproportionation reactions and kinetic data. Combining with the experimental pK_a value of acetic acid, we obtained pK_a^k = 26.6 for ionization of acetic acid as a carbon acid in water, and pK_a^E = 7.3 for ionization of the enol of acetic acid.     

Syntheses and micellar properties of well‐defined amphiphilic AB2 and A2B Y‐shaped miktoarm star copolymers of ε‐caprolactone and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

Well‐defined amphiphilic PCL‐b‐(PDMA)₂ and (PCL)₂‐b‐PDMA Y‐shaped miktoarm star copolymers and PCL‐b‐PDMA linear diblock copolymer were synthesized via a combination of ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), where PCL is poly (ε‐caprolactone) and PDMA is poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate). All of these three types of copolymers have comparable PCL contents and overall molecular weights. The PCL block is hydrophobic while the PDMA block is hydrophilic, and they behave like polymeric surfactants and self‐assemble into PCL‐core micelles in aqueous media. The chain architectural effects on the micellization properties, including the aggregation number, size, polydispersity, and micelle densities of (PCL₂₉)₂‐b‐PDMA₄₅, PCL₆₁‐b‐(PDMA₂₄)₂, and PCL₅₆‐b‐PDMA₄₉ in dilute aqueous solution, were then explored by dynamic and static laser light scattering (LLS). The intensity–average hydrodynamic radius, 〈R_h〉, the aggregation number per micelle, N_agg, and the core radius, R_core, of the PCL‐core micelles all increased in the order PCL₆₁‐b‐(PDMA₂₄)₂ < (PCL₂₉)₂‐b‐PDMA₄₅ < PCL₅₆‐b‐PDMA₄₉. The surface area occupied per soluble PDMA block at the core/corona interface increased in the order PCL₆₁‐b‐(PDMA₂₄)₂ < PCL₅₆‐b‐PDMA₄₉ < (PCL₂₉)₂‐b‐PDMA₄₅. PCL₆₁‐b‐(PDMA₂₄)₂ micelles had the largest overall micelle density, possibly because of that the presence of two soluble PDMA arms at the junction point favors the bending of the core–corona interface and thus the formation of densely‐packed core‐shell nanostructures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1446–1462, 2007     

PVT法AlN单晶生长技术研究进展及其面临挑战

氮化铝(AlN)具有超宽禁带宽度(6.2 eV)、高热导率(340 W/(m·℃))、高击穿场强(11.7 MV/cm)、良好的紫外透过率、高化学和热稳定性等优异性能,是氮化镓基(GaN)高温、高频、高功率电子器件以及高Al组分深紫外光电器件的理想衬底材料.物理气相传输(PVT)法是制备大尺寸高质量AlN单晶最有前途的方法.本文介绍了AlN单晶的晶体结构、基本性质及PVT法生长AlN晶体的原理与生长习性.基于AlN单晶PVT生长策略,综述了自发形核工艺、同质外延工艺及异质外延工艺的研究历程,各生长策略的优缺点及其最新进展.最后对PVT法生长AlN单晶的发展趋势及其面临的挑战进行了简要展望.     

基于银离子与DNA相互作用的比率型电化学传感器用于银离子的检测

利用银离子(Ag⁺)可与DNA中胞嘧啶碱基(C)相互作用的性质, 构建了一种用于检测Ag⁺的比率型电化学传感器. 以铬金属有机骨架材料(Cr-MIL-101 NH₂)标记的单链DNA作为信号探针(Cr-MOFs-SP), 电解质溶液的二茂铁甲酸作为内部参考探针(Fc-RP), 在Ag⁺存在的情况下, 可以检测到Cr-MOFs的信号. 同时, 二茂铁甲酸的信号几乎保持稳定, 因此, Ag⁺浓度可以通过I_Cr-MOFs-SP/I_{Fc- RP}的比率响应进行监测. 所制备的比率型生物传感器可有效消除外界环境影响和避免电化学背景信号, 提高了检测的重现性、 准确性和灵敏度. 具有三维结构的DNA四面体纳米材料(NTH)可有效消除DNA的非特异性吸附. 同时, 所设计的DNA NTH增强了机械刚度, 可以增加Ag⁺的捕获量和信号物质的负载量, 进一步提高了检测灵敏度. 该比率型生物传感器对Ag⁺的检测具有良好的选择性、 较宽的线性范围(0.1~100 nmol/L)和较低的检出限(33 pmol/L). 将此传感器用于滇池水样中Ag⁺的含量测定, 回收率为96.8%~103.0%, 表明此传感器具有潜在的实际应用前景.     

大气气溶胶吸湿性及其对环境的影响

吸湿性是气溶胶重要的物理化学特性,不仅会影响气溶胶的生命周期和大气行为,还会对大气环境、气候和人体健康产生重要影响。本文简要介绍了气溶胶吸湿参数和热力学模型,对粒径、化学组分以及多组分共存等因素对气溶胶吸湿性的影响进行分析,进一步总结了城市、农村森林和海洋极地等不同区域气溶胶吸湿观测结果。吸湿增长因子g(RH)、散射吸湿增长因子f(RH)和吸湿性参数κ等常用吸湿参数可以衡量气溶胶的吸湿能力;Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson(ZSR)混合定律和各种热力学模型能预测不同化学成分气溶胶的吸湿能力,是研究多组分混合气溶胶和气相平衡的重要工具。粒径、化学组分和混合状态影响气溶胶的吸湿性,如气溶胶g(RH)、潮解点或风化点的改变。由于排放源和环境条件的不同,城市、农村、森林、海洋、极地地区气溶胶粒径分布、化学组分和混合状态具有差异,气溶胶吸湿性不同。气溶胶吸湿性直接影响气溶胶含水量和相态,改变气溶胶的大气化学过程、老化过程和大气寿命,还影响环境能见度、辐射效应和在人体内的沉积位置和毒性。通过总结吸湿参数、理论模型、实验室研究、外场观测和环境影响等多方面的最新研究成果,以期为未来的吸湿研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Phase behaviors of Gemini cationic surfactants/n-butanol/water systems

Phase diagrams for ternary system of the Gemini cationic surfactants, N,N-long chain alkyl-2-hydroxyl-N,N,N,N-tetramethyl diammonium dichloride (G_nCl₂) with butanol and water have been drawn based on experimental data at 25 °C. The phase diagrams show that L phase and different liquid crystalline phases are existent in the ternary system at different components. Electric conductivity of the L phase has been studied. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), ²H (deuterium) quadrupolar splitting (²H NMR) and the polarizing-light microscope were employed to confirm the characteristic texture structures and the microstructure of three different liquid crystalline phases.