Intelligent stimuli-responsive nano immunomodulators for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy is a revolutionary treatment method in oncology, which uses a human''s own immune system against cancer. Many immunomodulators that trigger an immune response have been developed and applied in cancer immunotherapy. However, there is the risk of causing an excessive immune response upon directly injecting common immunomodulators into the human body to trigger an immune response. Therefore, the development of intelligent stimuli-responsive immunomodulators to elicit controlled immune responses in cancer immunotherapy is of great significance. Nanotechnology offers the possibility of designing smart nanomedicine to amplify the antitumor response in a safe and effective manner. Progress relating to intelligent stimuli-responsive nano immunomodulators for cancer immunotherapy is highlighted as a new creative direction in the field. Considering the clinical demand for cancer immunotherapy, we put forward some suggestions for constructing new intelligent stimuli-responsive nano immunomodulators, which will advance the development of cancer immunotherapy.

Progress relating to intelligent stimuli-responsive nano immunomodulators for cancer immunotherapy is highlighted. Suggestions for constructing new strategies have been put forward, which will advance the clinical development of cancer immunotherapy.     

Oxidative Rearrangement via Oxycerication with Ce(IV) Salt

α-Arylpropanoic acids are pharmaceutically interesting compounds, some of them exhibit anti-flammatory and analgestic activities1. Even the enormous progress made in the synthesis of α-arylpropanoic acids by 1,2-aryl rearrangement of arylpropanone using thalium (III) nitrate1,2, silver (I) compounds,3,4 lead (IV) acetate5,6 and iodinate7 during the last decades. The route is, however, unsuitable for the preparation of pharmaceutical products (Naproxen, Ibuprofen and so on) because of the …     

Ultrathin Multilayer Films Incorporating Keggin-type Heteropolyanion Clusters

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the fabrication of self-assembled ultrathin multilayer films, because of their availability to form nanostructured materials with tailored architecture and properties1. The layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly, initially developed for pairs of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes2, is an unusually simple and versatile technique to built up of ultrathin multilayer films. A special feature of the multilayer films is that the composition, t…     

Coupling Reaction of 4-Chloro-7-H-Pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidine with 2,3,5-Tri-O-Acetyl-β-D-Ribofuranosyl Chloride

Tubercidin (4-amino-7--D-riobofuranosyl-7-H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) 1, an antibio-tic substance produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus1, is an adenosine analog in which N-7 is replaced by a carbon atom. It has attracted much attention due to the biological activities for the growth inhibition of certain tumors, and many derivatives of tubercidin have been synthesized2-5.For the synthesis of tubercidin analogs, 4-chloro-7-H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl--D-r…     

Recent advances in theoretical models of respiratory mechanics

As an important branch of biomedical engineering, respiratory mechanics helps to understand the physiology of the respiratory system and provides fundamental data for developing such clinical technologies as ventilators. To solve different clinical problems, researchers have developed numerous models at various scales that describe biological and mechanical properties of the respiratory system. During the past decade, benefiting from the continuous accumulation of clinical data and the dramatic progress of biomedical technologies (e.g. biomedical imaging), the theoretical modeling of respiratory mechanics has made remarkable progress regarding the macroscopic properties of the respiratory process, complexities of the respiratory system, gas exchange within the lungs, and the coupling interaction between lung and heart. The present paper reviews the advances in the above fields and proposes potential future projects.     

Novel gel polymer electrolyte based on matrix of PMMA modified with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - One novel cage kind of polyhedral ligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), for modification application of gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) in lithium ion batteries...     

Quantitative analysis of 3‐OHB[a]P and (+)‐anti‐BPDE as biomarkers of B[a]P exposure in rats

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination the levels of metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 3‐hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3‐OHB[a]P) and (+)‐anti‐benzo(a)pyrene diol‐epoxide [(+)‐anti‐BPDE, combined with DNA to form adducts], in rat blood and tissues exposed to B[a]P exposure by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FD), and to investigate the usefulness of 3‐OHB[a]P and (+)‐anti‐BPDE as markers of intragastrical exposure to B[a]P in rats. The levels of 3‐OH‐B[a]P and B[a]P‐tetrol I‐1 released after acid hydrolysis of (+)‐anti‐BPDE in the samples were measured by HPLC/FD. The calibration curves were linear (r² > 0.9904), and the lower limit of quantification ranged from 0.34 to 0.45 ng/mL for 3‐OHB[a]P and from 0.43 to 0.58 ng/mL for (+)‐anti‐BPDE. The intra‐ and inter‐day stability assay data suggested that the method is accurate and precise. The recoveries of 3‐OHB[a]P and (+)‐anti‐BPDE were in the ranges of 73.6 ± 5.0 to 116.5 ± 6.3% and 73.3 ± 8.5 to 141.2 ± 13.8%, respectively. A positive correlation was found between the concentration of intragastrical B[a]P and the concentrations of 3‐OH‐B[a]P and (+)‐anti‐BPDE in the blood and in most of the tissues studied, except for the brain and kidney, which showed no correlation between B[a]P and 3‐OHB[a]P and between B[a]P and (+)‐anti‐BPDE, respectively. A sensitive, reliable and rapid HPLC/FD was developed and validated for analysis of 3‐OHB[a]P and (+)‐anti‐BPDE in rat blood and tissues. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of 3‐OHB[a]P or (+)‐anti‐BPDE in the blood and the concentration of 3‐OHB[a]P or (+)‐anti‐BPDE in the most other tissues examined. The concentration of 3‐OHB[a]P or (+)‐anti‐BPDE in the blood could be used as an indicator of the concentration of 3‐OHB[a]P or (+)‐anti‐BPDE in the other tissues in response to B[a]P exposure. These results demonstrate that 3‐OHB[a]P and (+)‐anti‐BPDE are potential biomarkers of B[a]P exposure, which would also be useful to assess the carcinogenic risks from B[a]P exposure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.