带喷流超声速光学头罩流场气动光学畸变试验研究

超声速光学头罩在大气层内飞行时, 需要在光学窗口表面顺来流方向进行喷流冷却, 致使窗口上方流场更为复杂. 目标光线穿过窗口上方流场, 受到激波、膨胀波、混合层、湍流边界层等流场结构引起的变密度场影响而产生波前畸变, 导致成像出现偏移、抖动、模糊等气动光学效应. 本文对马赫数3.8来流条件下有无喷流时超声速光学头罩流场引起的气动光学波前畸变进行了试验研究. 基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术, 首先对流场图像进行密度校准获得高时空分辨率密度场, 然后采用光线追迹法计算得到波长532 nm平面光波垂直于光学窗口穿过流场后的光程差(optical path difference, OPD)分布, 并对窗口上方近壁区有无喷流状态的流场结构引起的 OPD分布进行了研究. 发现无喷流时, 流场结构相对较为简单, 窗口上方有较长的回流区和层流区, 而有喷流时窗口上方出现复杂的剪切层、混合层及湍流边界层, 流动很快就转捩为湍流结构, 其引起的气动光学畸变要明显高于无喷流状态. 无喷流状态相隔5 μs的流场引起的光程差均方根值分别为0.0348 和0.0356 μm, 有喷流状态的光程差均方根值分别为0.0462 和0.0485 μm. 关键词： 超声速 喷流 气动光学 光程差     

Magnetic properties in silica-coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: Quantitative test for a theory of single-domain particles with cubic anisotropy

We report magnetic properties of silica-coated CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles (about 32 nm) in a wide temperature range (4-700 K). Coating CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with amorphous silica yields an assembly of noninteracting single-domain particles with cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. We find that the reduced remanence is about 0.81-0.82 at low temperatures (?100 K), very close to the theoretical prediction (0.83) for cubic anisotropy. The room-temperature anisotropy constant K₁ inferred from the data is also in quantitative agreement with the bulk value (1.8×¹⁰⁶ erg/cm³). The current work thus provides a quantitative test for a theory of noninteracting single-domain particles with cubic anisotropy.     

Rational Design and Facile Synthesis of Dual-State Emission Fluorophores: Expanding Functionality for the Sensitive Detection of Nitroaromatic Compounds

Six novel benzimidazole-based D-π-A compounds 4 a – 4 f were concisely synthesized by attaching different donor/acceptor units to the skeleton of 1,3-bis(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene on its 5-position through an ethynyl link. Due to the twisted conformation and effective conjugation structure, these dual-state emission (DSE) molecules show intense and multifarious photoluminescence, and their fluorescence quantum yields in solution and solid state can be up to 96.16 and 69.82 %, respectively. Especially, for excellent photostability, obvious solvatofluorochromic and extraordinary wide range of solvent compatibility, DSE molecule 4 a is a multifunctional fluorescent probe for the visual detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) with the limit of detection as low as 10⁻⁷ M. The quenching mechanism has been proved as the results of photoinduced electron transfer and fluorescence resonance energy transfer processes. Importantly, probe 4 a can sensitively detect NACs not only in real water samples, but also on 4 a -coated strips and 4 a @PBAT thin films.     

基于流动显示的压缩拐角流动结构定量研究

在Ma = 3.0的超声速风洞中, 采用NPLS技术对上游边界层为层流的25° 压缩拐角进行了流动显示实验, 获得了压缩拐角的精细流动结构, 边界层、剪切层和激波等结构清晰可见. 基于流动显示数据, 采用间歇性、空间相关性和分形分析对流动结构进行了定量研究, 计算了边界层和分离区的间歇因子分布, 获取了边界层中拟序结构和结构角的大小, 给出了边界层分形维数的分布, 并与Ringuette和Bookey等的实验结果进行比较, 阐述了压缩拐角流动结构的定量特征.     

Experimental studies on flow visualization and velocity field of compression ramp with different incoming boundary layers

Experimental studies which focus on flow visualization and the velocity field of a supersonic laminar/turbulent flow over a compression ramp were carried out in a Mach 3.0 wind tunnel. Fine flow structures and velocity field structures were obtained via NPLS （nanoparticle-tracer planar laser scattering） and PIV （particle image velocimetry） techniques, time- averaged flow structures were researched, and spatiotemporal evolutions of transient flow structures were analyzed. The flow visualization results indicated that when the ramp angles were 25~, a typical separation occurred in the laminar flow, some typical flow structures such as shock induced by the boundary layer, separation shock, reversed flow and reattachment shock were visible clearly. While a certain extent separation occurred in turbulent flow, the separation region was much smaller. When the ramp angles were 28~, laminar flow separated further, and the separation region expanded evidently, flow structures in the separation region were complex. While a typical separation occurred in turbulent flow, reversed flow structures were significant, flow structures in the separation region were relatively simple. The experimental results of velocity field were corresponding to flow visualization, and the velocity field structures of both compression ramp flows agreed with the flow structures well. There were three layered structures in the U component velocity, and the V component velocity appeared like an oblique ＂v＂. Some differences between these two compression ramp flows can be observed in the velocity profiles of the shear layer and the shearing intensity.     

生物素-亲和素放大酶联免疫吸附法测定二乙基磷酸酯类有机磷农药

基于生物素和亲和素之间发生特异性反应,形成多酶系统,建立了二乙基磷酸酯类有机磷农药的竞争酶联免疫分析技术和生物素-亲和素放大酶联免疫分析技术.在优化条件下,二乙基磷酸酯类有机磷农药浓度在1×10-1～1×104 μg/L范围内与抑制率线性关系良好,其线性回归方程为y＝0.1168x+0.6259(r＝0.9889),半...     

Temporal evolution of the optical path difference of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer

The density distribution of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer is measured with the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering technique, and the temporal evolution of its optical path difference (OPD) in a short time interval is characterized by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Based on the advantage of POD in capturing the energy of a signal, a temporal evolution model is suggested for the POD coefficients of the OPD. In this model, the first few coefficients vary linearly with time, and the others are modeled by Gaussian statistics. As an application, this method is used to compute the shortexposure optical transfer function.     

强梯度复杂流场中的粒子动力学响应试验研究

示踪粒子在(高)超声速流场中的动力学响应是粒子成像测速等粒子示踪测量技术的关键问题之一.现有文献对粒子动力学响应的试验测量往往是通过单个斜激波响应的测量方法.然而,当示踪粒子用于测量高速飞行器发动机内部复杂的激波串流场时,粒子将经历由多道激波导致的速度、压力、黏性等剧烈变化.本文结合目前(高)超声速飞行器的研究热潮,重点关注示踪粒子在应用于发动机内部具有连续激波的复杂流场测量中存在的跟随性评估方面,开展了一系列的相关试验研究.包括测量超声速风洞的喷管出口速度分布以验证测试系统的性能,在马赫4.2和3.0流场中测量了粒子对二维10°和15°单斜劈绕流中的斜激波动力响应,并测量了模拟发动机内部连续梯度的双斜劈粒子斜激波动力响应.结合粒子动力学的理论模型,得到了各状态的粒子弛豫时间、弛豫距离、Stokes数.基于图像方法、统计学规律分析了激波非定常抖动对测量结果的影响,并对测量结果进行了修正.结果显示,相同斜劈角度下,马赫数越高,粒子的弛豫时间、弛豫距离就越大.但是在相同的来流马赫数下,斜劈角度越大,粒子的弛豫时间、弛豫距离反而减小.在强梯度之后由于流场的雷诺数和黏性系数变化剧烈,粒子的跟随性降低了大约5.7%,stokes数增加了约1%.虽然在本文条件下Stokes数仍满足超声速流场对粒子跟随性的要求,但粒子响应的降低无疑是值得关注的,尤其是当其被应用于具有更多连续梯度的复杂流场测量中.     

不同光线入射角度下超声速湍流边界层气动光学效应的实验研究

利用基于纳米粒子的平面激光散射技术获取超声速(Ma=3.0)湍流边界层的密度分布,采用光线追迹方法计算其对应的光程差分布,并结合边界层气动光学相似律验证实验结果的可靠性.着重研究了光线入射角度对超声速湍流边界层气动光学效应的影响,并对其内在机理进行了分析.研究表明,气动光学效应对光线入射角度的依赖性源于光线在流场中的传输路径,传输路径的不同导致了光线在流场中的传输距离以及对应密度脉动互相关结果的差异.光线倾斜入射导致其在流场中传输距离增长,进而气动光学效应出现恶化.光线入射方向与壁面垂直方向之间的夹角越大,气动光学效应越显著,而且不同时刻的差异性增加,气动光学效应校正的难度增加.超声速湍流边界层中大量具有特定方向的涡结构导致了湍流边界层气动光学效应的各向异性.当光线倾斜向下游入射时,光线传播方向与流场中的涡结构具有较好的一致性,体现为此方向上密度脉动互相关系数较大,故气动光学效应比较严重.而当光线倾斜向上游入射时,相关系数较小,故气动光学效应较弱.