Talking about "traceability" means talking about a "property of the result of a measurement", about "the value of a standard", about "stated references" and about an "unbroken chain of comparisons". It describes by which comparison, and to which other value, the result of a measurement has been obtained, i.e. is "traceable to". It is about the underlying structure of the measurement process of the result of a measurement and therefore about the authority of the result. Since values carried by (certified) reference materials have also been obtained by measurement, the definition of traceability equally applies. Traceability in the context of reference materials is also about the authority of the values carried by the (certified) reference materials and is, therefore, of key importance for the authority of the reference materials themselves. Hence, values of results of measurements constitute part of the traceability chain and their uncertainties are an intrinsic accompanying phenomenon. Uncertainties need a traceability chain against which they can be evaluated, and a traceability chain is an a priori requirement for evaluating the uncertainty budget of a measurement result. An attempt has been made to exemplify "traceability" chains in some types of chemical measurement and to identify the degree of international agreement on the key elements of "traceability". It is concluded that there is less than universal agreement on this issue. The debate should continue in order to arrive at the international understanding and agreement needed, as "traceability" is now being incorporated in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Laboratory Accreditation Co-operation (ILAC) and in other "guiding" or regulatory documents. It is also the reason why the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) has taken up the study of the concept in its core programme on Metrology in Chemistry, and why it sponsored the Workshop in Bratislava.
A new series of thiophene‐ and furan‐containing chromophores with a chiral prolinol donor and a sulfone acceptor has been synthesized. The UV‐vis absorptions, second‐order nonlinear optical properties, and X‐ray crystal structures are described. 相似文献
A series of novel oxazolidinone analogues were prepared by a new and efficient synthetic method and their antibacterial activities were determined. These compounds wer echaracterized by LC-MS and ^1H NMR. 相似文献
Two new naturally 4-hydroxylated butenolides were concisely synthesized in excellent enantiomeric purities. An aldol condensation and a Suzuki reaction served successfully as the key steps in the synthesis. 相似文献
The culture medium for Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC 13664 was optimized on a shake-flask scale by using a statistical factorial design for enhanced production of penicillin acylase. This extracellular enzyme recently has been reported to be a penicillin K acylase, presenting also high hydrolytic activity against penicillin V and other natural aliphatic penicillins such as penicillin K, penicillin F, and penicillin dihydroF. The factorial design indicated that the main factors that positively affect penicillin acylase production by S. lavendulae were the concentration of yeast extract and the presence of oligoelements in the fermentation medium, whereas the presence of olive oil in the medium had no effect on enzyme production. An initial concentration of 2.5% (w/v) yeast extract and 3 microg/mL of CuSO4 x 5H2O was found to be best for acylase production. In such optimized culture medium, fermentation of the microorganism yielded 289 IU/L of enzyme in 72 h when employing a volume medium/volume flask ratio of 0.4 and a 300-rpm shaking speed. The presence of copper, alone and in combination with other metals, stimulated biomass as well as penicillin acylase production. The time course of penicillin acylase production was also studied in the optimized medium and conditions. Enzyme production showed catabolite repression by different carbon sources such as glucose, lactose, citrate, glycerol, and glycine. 相似文献
Substituted norbornenes and dibenzobarrelene react under forced conditions with -methyl-1,2,4-triazolin-3,5-diones to afford urazoles via (2+2)-cycloaddition. 相似文献
High-speed liquid chromatography in the system silica gel/dry n-hexane and ultraviolet spectrometry have been used to study the composition of various types of commercially available mixtures of chlorinated biphenyls. Special attention has been paid to the analysis of highly chlorinated products. In addition to data previously published, retention times are recorded for 11 individual polychlorinated biphenyls. The results of high-speed liquid chromatography are compared with those obtained in several normal and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatographic systems. 相似文献
Using CD data (solution, solid state, various temperatures), X-ray data and MO calculations for a number of substituted mandelic acids (phenylglycolic acids) an attempt was made to explain the different results for the relation between sign of the 1Lb CD band and substitution pattern as described in the literature for various types of aromatic compounds. Moreover the reported sector rule has been reconsidered taking into account the sign and magnitude of the spectroscopic moments. It has been found that in any explanation of the signs of the 1Lb CD bands of substituted aromatic compounds both the conformational behaviour and the spectroscopic moments should be taken into account. 相似文献