中学化学骨干教师PCK的实证研究*——以“析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀”主题为例

使用本土化的教学内容表征(CoRe)工具调查了46名接受“国培计划”的中学化学骨干教师关于“析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀”主题的PCK,结果表明:(1)骨干教师的PCK包含5个相互联系的组分,其中课程知识、学生知识以及策略知识均较为丰富。骨干教师能有针对性地选取化学学科专属的教学策略;(2)在教学取向方面,骨干教师在教学中发展与评价学生化学基本观念与学科核心素养的意识有待加强,引导学生自主建构学习的落实程度有待提高;(3)在评价知识方面,评价方式较为多元,但骨干教师对于形成性评价的重视程度不够。文末据此对我国化学教师教育以及化学PCK研究提出相关建议。     

新型绿色有机合成反应设计:Pd/β-环糊精催化的纯水相铃木-宫浦偶联反应*

以环境友好的β-环糊精代替毒性膦配体、纯水代替有机溶剂,设计了4-溴苯乙酮和苯硼酸的绿色铃木-宫浦偶联反应。通过单因素实验,探讨了氯钯酸钠用量、氯钯酸钠/β-环糊精配比、苯硼酸用量、反应温度以及反应时间等对产率的影响。通过引导学生对β-环糊精结构的认识和机理探讨,让学生深刻感受到了绿色化学在有机合成中的重要性,并激发了他们对科学研究的兴趣。该实验环境友好,反应条件温和,反应时间短,产率高,重复性好,适宜于本科实验教学。     

新型α-蒎烯基苯磺酰胺类化合物的合成及其抗真菌活性

以天然产物α蒎烯为原料,经多步反应合成了9个新型α-蒎烯基苯磺酰胺类化合物（7a~7i）,其结构经¹H NMR、 ¹³C NMR、 FT-IR和MS(ESI)表征。采用离体法测试了化合物的抗真菌活性。结果表明：在50 μg·mL^-1浓度下,目标化合物对黄瓜枯萎病菌、花生褐斑病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、小麦赤霉病菌以及番茄早疫病菌等5种植物病原菌有一定的抑制活性,其中化合物α-蒎烯基p-氯苯基磺酰胺(7d, R=p-Cl)和α-蒎烯基o-硝基苯基磺酰胺(7h, R=o-NO₂)对苹果轮纹病菌的抑制率分别为83.9%和79.6%（B级活性水平）,优于阳性对照百菌清（75.0%）;化合物α-蒎烯基m-甲基苯基磺酰胺(7b, R=m-Me)对番茄早疫病菌的抑制率为82.2%（B级活性水平）,优于阳性对照百菌清（73.9%）。-     

Reaction Mechanism of H2-Assisted C3H6-SCR over Ag-CexZr Catalyst as Investigated by In situ FTIR

A series of silver-doped cerium zirconium oxide(Ag-Ce_xZr) samples was synthesized successfully for selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide(NO) with hydrogen and propene(H₂/C₃H₆-SCR) under excess oxygen condition. The catalytic activity test proved that Ag-Ce_0.4Zr exhibited the best C₃H₆-SCR activity. Hydrogen(H₂) significantly enhanced NO conversion and widened the temperature window. Multi-technology characterizations were conducted to ascertain the properties of fabricated catalysts including X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and H₂ temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). In situ FTIR results demonstrated that various types of nitrates and chelating nitrite were generated on Ag-Ce_xZr after introduction of NO. Besides, adding H₂ could increase the concentration of bidentate nitrate and chelated bidentate nitrate dramatically, especially for Ag-Ce_0.4Zr catalyst. Transient reaction between pre-adsorbing NO and C₃H₆/C₃H₆+H₂ illuminated that the most active intermediate was chelating nitrite,which was promoted significantly by H₂ participation. Furthermore, adding H₂ improved the formation of organo-nitro(R-NO₂), which was the key intermediate in C₃H₆-SCR. The reaction mechanism over Ag-Ce_xZr catalysts was proposed at 200℃ as follows:nitric oxide(NO)+propene(C₃H₆)+hydrogen(H₂)+oxygen(O₂)→chelating nitrite(NO₂^-)+acrylate-type species(C_xH_yO_z)→organo-nitro(R-NO₂)→isocyanate(-NCO)+cyanide(-CN)→nitrogen(N₂).     

Fluorescence Signal Amplification Strategies Based on DNA Nanotechnology for miRNA Detection

In this review,the most recent progresses in the field of fluorescence signal amplification strategies based on DNA nanotechnology for miRNA are summarized.The types of signal amplification are given and the principles of amplification strategies are explained,including rolling circle amplification(RCA),catalytic hairpin assembly(CHA),hybridization chain reaction(HCR)and DNA walker.Subsequently,the application of these signal amplification methods in biosensing and bioimaging are covered and described.Finally,the challenges and the outlook of fluorescence signal amplification methods for miRNA detection are briefly commented.     

Two-dimensional Molecular Phase Transition of Alkylated-TDPB on Au(111) and Cu(111) Surfaces

The derivatives of aromatic cores bearing alkyl chains with different lengths are of potential interest in on-surface chemistry, and thus have been widely investigated both at liquid-solid interfaces and in vacuum. Here, we report on the structural evaluation of self-assembled 1,3,5-tri(4-dodecylphenyl)benzene(TDPB) molecules with increased molecular coverages on both Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. As observed on Au(111), rhombic and herringbone structures emerge successively depending on surface coverage. In the case of Cu(111), the same process of phase conversion is also observed, but with two distinct structures. In comparison, the self-assembled structures on Au(111) surface are packed more densely than that on Cu(111) surface under the same preparation conditions. This may fundamentally result from the higher adsorption energy of TDPB molecules on Cu(111), restricting their adjustment to optimize a thermodynamically favorable molecular packing.     

SOFC/GT/ST三重复合动力系统特性研究

本文研究SOFC/GT/ST三重复合动力系统.首先基于Aspen Plus建立了SOFC/GT/ST的性能分析模型,分析了各主要参数对SOFC/GT/ST复合动力系统性能的影响规律.研究结果表明:复合动力系统尽量在高的压力,温度在900℃左右的条件下,有较高系统效率;较高的燃料利用率(Ut)有利于提高系统效率.本文研究...     

航空发动机旋转叶片振动监测系统研究

介绍了叶尖定时测量旋转叶片的原理，设计的光纤柬式传感结合光电接收实现了高精度的弱光检测。基于“5＋2”传感器均布方案，利用双速率对叶片振动信号进行采样，通过“5＋2”处理算法实现了振动频率的准确辨识，并在某航空设备上进行了高速模拟转子实验，实验表明测得频率与应变仪结果一致。