KH(KD)分子基态(X~1Σ~+)的结构与势能函数研究

利用群论及原子分子反应静力学的有关原理,推导了KH(KD)分子基态X1Σ+的电子态和合理的离解极限.采用Gaussian03程序包中的多种方法和基组,对KH(KD)分子基态X1Σ+的平衡结构和谐振频率进行了优化计算.通过比较计算结果,发现B3LYP为最优方法,6-311g(3df,3pd)为最佳基组.运用优选出的方法和基组对KH(KD)分子基态进行了单点势能扫描,然后分别采用Murrell-Sorbie函数及修正的Murrell-Sorbie+c6函数进行了非线性最小二乘拟合,得到了KH(KD)分子基态的势能函数和相应的光谱常数.计算结果表明,利用修正的Murrell-Sorbie+c6函数计算所得的光谱常数与实验数据吻合得更好.     

二氧化钚分子的多体展式势能函数

从导出基态PuO2分子的电子状态X5Σ g正确地判断其离解极限出发,采用MP2方法,应用相对论有效原子实模型(RECP)优化出PuO2(X5Σ g)分子稳定构型为线性OPuO(D∞h),其平衡核间距Re=0.18004nm.同时也计算出振动频率,并优化出存在亚稳态的Pu-O-O(C∞v)构型.使用多体项展式理论方法,导出了基态PuO2分子的分析势能函数.该势能表面准确地再现了O-Pu-O(D∞h)平衡结构和亚稳态的Pu-O-O(C∞v)构型.然后根据势能函数等值图讨论了O(3Pg) PuO反应的势能面静态特征.     

LaH分子的X1∑+态的势能函数

应用原子分子反应静力学原理导出LaH分子的电子状态和可能的离解极限,考虑相对论紧致有效势RCEP(RelativisticCompactEffectivePotential)近似下,用QCISD方法计算了LaH分子基态X1∑+的平衡几何Re和离解能De为2.125A和2.623eV,并在计算出来的一系列单点势能基础上,用正规方程组拟合Murrell-Sorbie(M-S)势能函数,得到相应态的解析势能函数,由此计算对应的光谱参数,其Be、ae、ωe和ωexe的理论值,分别为:3.7333、0.0723、1461.73和21.383cm-1.     

金属晶体间微观静摩擦特性的分子动力学模拟研究

以光滑干摩擦接触平面为对象,利用金属晶体间的强体积效应特征,建立了简化计算静摩擦力的界面势能模型.根据第一性原理的方法模拟得出界面分子势能的变化,通过界面分子势能计算出静摩擦力大小,并将数据结果通过通用黏附能量函数计算出的静摩擦力大小进行验证,也将计算结果与超高真空原子力显微镜试验结果进行对比.最后拟合出最大静摩擦力与法向载荷的线性函数关系,得出摩擦力的数值为真实接触面积的函数,并与法向载荷成正比的结论.从微观上对同种金属材料间库伦摩擦定律进行验证与研究.     

基态XOn+(X=Ru,Rh, Pd|n=0, 1)的势能函数和第一垂直电离势

运用原子分子反应静力学原理推导出XOn+(X=Ru, Rh, Pd; n=0, 1)的基态电子状态及离解极限. 运用密度泛函的B3P86方法和LANL2DZ 赝势基组及aug-cc-pVTZ全电子基组, 对XOn+(X=Ru, Rh, Pd; n=0, 1)体系进行计算, 获得了这些分子及其离子基态的Murrell-Sorbie解析势能函数. 同时计算了XOn+(X=Ru, Rh, Pd; n=0, 1)的光谱数据, 计算了XO(X=Ru, Rh, Pd)中性分子的第一垂直电离势.     

基态Li2O＋分子的结构和势能面研究

以6-311＋＋G(d)为基函数, 采用CASSCF方法优化出Li2O＋分子的稳定构型为线形Li-O-Li (C∞V), 电子组态为2∏, 并对平衡核间距、离解能和基态简正频率进行了计算. 根据原子分子反应静力学原理, 导出了Li2O＋分子的合理的离解极限. 并运用多体展式理论方法首次导出了基态Li2O＋分子的分析势能函数, 绘出了势能等值图, 其势能等值图准确地再现了Li2O＋分子的平衡结构特征.     

基态XO~（n＋）（X=Ru,Rh,Pd;n=0,1）的势能函数和第一垂直电离势

运用原子分子反应静力学原理推导出XOn+(X=Ru,Rh,Pd;n=0,1)的基态电子状态及离解极限.运用密度泛函的B3P86方法和LANL2DZ赝势基组及aug-cc-pVTZ全电子基组,对XOn+X=Ru,Rh,Pd;n=0,1)体系进行计算,获得了这些分子及其离子基态的Murrell-Sorbie解析势能函数.同时计算了XOn+(X=Ru,Rh,Pd;n=0,1)的光谱数据,计算了XO(X=Ru,Rh,Pd)中性分子的第一垂直电离势.     

非线性光学极化率密度泛函理论计算的基组效应

由于分子的非线性光学性质与分子外层电子行为及激发性质密切相关,扩散函数对分子的非线性光学极化率计算非常重要.在ADF程序中的DZP基组基础上缀加扩散函数,构造出我们称之为DZP+df的新基组.通过对5个模型分子的含频二阶非线性光学极化率的密度泛函理论计算,表明新基组可以得出较DZP基组更为准确可靠的结果,同时比较ADF程序内置带有扩散函数的大基组,计算量大为减少.     

基态Hse分子及Hsex(x=+1,-1) 离子的量子力学计算

用原子-分子反应静力学原理推导出了HSe分子、HSe^x（x=＋1，-1）离子的基态电子状态及其离解极限．在cc—pVDZ水平基础上，用B3LYP方法计算了它们的平衡核间距Re和离解能De．并在计算出来的一系列单点势能基础上，用正规方程组拟合Murrell—Sorbie（M—S）势能函数，得到相应态的解析势能函数，由此计算对应的光谱参数（Be，αe，ωe，ωe，χe）和力学性质，计算结果表明HSe分子、HSe^x（x=＋1，-1）离子可稳定存在．     

NX(a1Δ,X=F、Cl、Br)分子结构与ωe～Re关联模型

基于不少双原子分子的稳定激发态系列中存在已知ω e而未给出 Re的现象 ,本文提出了ω e～ Rα e=C的理论模型 ,对近 60个双原子分子的光谱数据进行了论证 ,并与量子力学计算结果进行了比较 .结果表明 ,该模型具有通用性与可靠性 .结合 NX(a 1Δ )替代 O2(a 1Δ g)的新激光系统可能性研究需要 ,应用 CIS、 B3LYP与 MCSCF方法 ,在 6-311+ g(3df)基水平计算了 NX(X=F、 Cl、 Br)第一激发态( a 1Δ)的结构 ,导出了解析势能函数.     

Cascade ultrafiltration and competing ligand exchange for kinetic speciation of aluminium, iron, and nickel in fresh water

Kinetic speciation of nickel, aluminium, and iron in fresh water has been investigated by cascade ultrafiltration followed by competing ligand exchange of the ultrafiltered fractions. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure the kinetics of metal complex dissociation. Dissolved metal species were fractionated by cascade ultrafiltration. Metal speciation in each ultrafiltered fraction was then characterized as free metal ions, “labile” metal complexes (with dissociation rate constants ≥10⁻³ s⁻¹), “slowly labile” metal complexes (with dissociation rate constants >10⁻⁶ s⁻¹), and “inert” metal complexes (with dissociation rate constants <10⁻⁶ s⁻¹). The experimental results were compared with the predictions of a computer-based equilibrium speciation model, the Windermere humic aqueous model (WHAM) V. Cascade ultrafiltration coupled with kinetic speciation of the metal species in each molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) fraction provided a more comprehensive picture and insight into the physical and the chemical characteristics of the metal species than either ultrafiltration or measurement of dissociation kinetics alone.     

Microscopic acid dissociation constants of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid and related compounds, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

The dissociation constants of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid and related compounds and of DOPA were determined by potentiometric titration and complementary tristimulus colorimetry at 25 degrees and mu = 0.1 (NaClO(4)) in aqueous solution. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the values of the dissociation constants at various temperatures. The dissociation constants and corresponding thermodynamic parameters for the first phenol group of the catechols showed almost the same values as those of the phenol derivatives. In the dissociation of the second phenol group of the catechols, formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond was indicated. The microscopic acid dissociation constants of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid were calculated by two different methods. In the physiological pH-region (pH 7.2-7.4), 3,4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid is present in the carboxylate form, and the two possible monophenolate anions are present to the extent of about 45% and 40%, respectively, at pH 11.0. The twelve micro-constants for the eight chemical species from DOPA were similarly evaluated.     

Fragmentation of Singly,Doubly, and Triply Charged Hydrogen Deficient Peptide Radical Cations in Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation and Electron Induced Dissociation

Gas phase fragmentation of hydrogen deficient peptide radical cations continues to be an active area of research. While collision induced dissociation (CID) of singly charged species is widely examined, dissociation channels of singly and multiply charged radical cations in infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and electron induced dissociation (EID) have not been, so far, investigated. Here, we report on the gas phase dissociation of singly, doubly and triply charged hydrogen deficient peptide radicals, [M + nH]^(n+1)+· (n = 0, 1, 2), in MS³ IRMPD and EID and compare the observed fragmentation pathways to those obtained in MS³ CID. Backbone fragmentation in MS³ IRMPD and EID was highly dependent on the charge state of the radical precursor ions, whereas amino acid side chain cleavages were largely independent of the charge state selected for fragmentation. Cleavages at aromatic amino acids, either through side chain loss or backbone fragmentation, were significantly enhanced over other dissociation channels. For singly charged species, the MS³ IRMPD and EID spectra were mainly governed by radical-driven dissociation. Fragmentation of doubly and triply charged radical cations proceeded through both radical- and charge-driven processes, resulting in the formation of a wide range of backbone product ions including, a-, b-, c-, y-, x-, and z-type. While similarities existed between MS³ CID, IRMPD, and EID of the same species, several backbone product ions and side chain losses were unique for each activation method. Furthermore, dominant dissociation pathways in each spectrum were dependent on ion activation method, amino acid composition, and charge state selected for fragmentation.     

Influence of molecular structure on the C-N bond strength in the nitroalkane series: II. Nitroethane,fluoronitroethanes, chloronitroethanes,and fluorochloronitroethanes

The equilibrium geometric parameters, enthalpies of formation of molecular and radical species, and dissociation energies of the C-N bond at 0 and 298 K were determined by the B3LYP density functional method for nitroethane, fluoronitroethanes, chloronitroethanes, and mixed fluorochloronitroethanes. Trends in variation of the geometric and electronic parameters of the molecules, enthalpies of formation, and dissociation energies were discussed.Translated from Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, Vol. 74, No. 11, 2004, pp. 1835–1841.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Khrapkovskii, Chachkov, Shamov.For communication I, see [1].This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Density functional study of AuXq (X = O, S, Se, Te, q = +1, 0, -1) molecules

Bond distances, vibrational frequencies, electron affinity, ionization potential, and dissociation energies of the title molecules were studied by use of density functional methods B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, BHLYP, BLYP, BP86, mPW1PW91, and PBE1PBE. It was found that the ground electronic state is doublet for neutral species, singlet for the anion, and triplet for the cation, in agreement with experiments and previous theoretical studies. The calculated properties are highly dependent on the functionals employed, in particular for the dissociation energy. The predicted bond distances and vibrational frequencies are in agreement with experiments and previous theoretical results. BP86 and BLYP have relatively good performance in reproducing the experimental results, while BHLYP is the worst functional method compared with the other density functional methods used for the title molecules.     

Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of mixed MDyX4 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Cl, Br, I) vapor complexes: a computational and matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopic study

The structures, energetic, and vibrational properties of MDyX(4) (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Cl, Br, I) mixed alkali halide/dysprosium halide complexes have been investigated by a joint computational and experimental, matrix-isolation Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic (MI-IR), study. According to our DFT computations for the complexes with heavier halides and alkali metals the ground-state structure is the tridentate isomer; while at high temperatures the bidentate structural isomer dominates. The survey of various dissociation processes revealed the preference of the dissociation to neutral MX and DyX(3) fragments over ionic and radical dissociation products. Cationic complexes are considerably less stable at 1000 K than the neutral complexes, and they prefer to dissociate to M(+) + DyX(4)(?) fragments. The vapor species of selected mixtures of NaBr and CsBr with DyBr(3) and of CsI with DyI(3) in the temperature range 900-1000 K have been isolated in krypton and xenon matrices and investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Besides the characteristic vibrational frequencies of the monomeric and dimeric alkali halide species and of the dysprosium trihalide molecules, certain signals indicated the formation of MDyX(4) (M = Na, Cs; X = Br, I) mixed complexes. Comparison with the computed vibrational and thermodynamic characteristics of the relevant species lead to the conclusion that these complexes appear in the vapor predominantly as the C(2v)-symmetry bidentate isomer. This is the first time that this structure was identified in an experimental vibrational spectroscopic study. The signals appearing upon performing a thermal anneal cycle were tentatively assigned to the double complex M(2)DyX(5) (M = Na, Cs; X = Br, I). A structure in which one alkali atom is bound to dysprosium by three and the other by two bridges is proposed for these double complexes.     

Hole-burning spectra of phenol-Arn (n = 1, 2) clusters: resolution of the isomer issue

The hole-burning (HB) spectra of phenol-Arn (PhOH-Arn) clusters with n = 1 and 2 have been measured in a molecular beam to clarify the possible existence of isomers. Two species were identified to give rise to signals in the S1-S0 spectrum recorded for the n = 1 cluster; however, one of the species was found to originate from dissociation of an n = 2 cluster. Similarly, three species were observed in the spectrum of the n = 2 cluster, and two of them were assigned to n = 3 and larger clusters. The spectral contamination from larger size clusters was quantitatively explained by the dissociation after photoexcitation. The analysis of the spectra demonstrates that only a single isomer exists in the molecular beam for both the n = 1 and the n = 2 clusters. In addition to two previously detected intermolecular modes, a third low-frequency mode, assigned to an intermolecular bending vibration, is observed for the first time in the HB spectrum of the n = 2 cluster. The assignments of the intermolecular vibrations were confirmed by ab initio MO calculations. The observation of the third intermolecular vibration suggests that the geometry of the n = 2 cluster has Cs or lower symmetry.     

蠕虫状聚离子复合型胶束的合成、组装和胶体稳定性

采用开环聚合方法制备了嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇-聚乙烯亚胺(PEG-b-PEI), 通过静电组装方法使其与质粒DNA(pDNA)在溶液中自发构筑成蠕虫状聚离子复合型胶束(PICmicelle), 利用原子力显微镜、 动态光散射、 Zeta电势和凝胶电泳等方法研究了血液或细胞间质中各种因素对胶束稳定性的影响. 结果表明, 在蠕虫状聚离子复合型胶束中, PEI和pDNA通过静电吸引构成疏水性内核, 而亲水性的PEG分子作为保护型外壳包裹在内核的表面. 在保持PEG链段长度不变的前提下, 增加PEI链段长度可明显增强PEI与pDNA的静电结合力, 有效地防止了NaCl对胶体结构的破坏, 而且有助于抑制阴离子的取代. 但增加PEI链段长度会导致胶束表面PEG分子含量的降低, 不利于胶束抵抗蛋白质的吸附和DNA酶的降解. 因此合理地调整PEG-b-PEI分子的结构, 对于获得高效、 安全和稳定的蠕虫状聚离子胶束具有重要意义.     

Gas phase infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectra of methanol, ethanol and propanol proton-bound dimers, protonated propanol and the propanol/water proton-bound dimer

The infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectra of three homogenous proton-bound dimers are presented and the major features are assigned based on comparisons with the neutral alcohol and with density functional theory calculations. As well, the IRMPD spectra of protonated propanol and the propanol/water proton-bound dimer (or singly hydrated protonated propanol) are presented and analysed. Two primary IRMPD photoproducts were observed for each of the alcohol proton bound dimers and were found to vary with the frequency of the radiation impinging upon the ions. For example, when the proton-bound dimer absorbs weakly a larger amount of S(N)2 product, protonated ether and water, are observed. When the proton-bound dimer absorbs more strongly, an increase in the simple dissociation product, protonated alcohol and neutral alcohol, is observed. With the aid of RRKM calculations this frequency dependence of the branching ratio is explained by assuming that photon absorption is faster than dissociation for these species and that only a few photons extra are necessary to make the higher-energy dissociation channel (simple cleavage) competitive with the lower energy (S(N)2) reaction channel.     

Fragmentation studies and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of lapachol: protonated,deprotonated and cationized species

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of lapachol (2‐hydroxy‐3‐(3‐methyl‐2‐butenyl)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone) was accomplished in order to elucidate the gas‐phase dissociation reactions of this important biologically active natural product. The occurrence of protonated and cationized species in the positive mode and of deprotonated species in the negative mode was explored by means of collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments. For the protonated molecule, the H₂O and C₄H₈ losses occur by two competitive channels. For the deprotonated molecule, the even‐electron rule is not conserved, and the radicalar species are eliminated by formation of distonic anions. The fragmentation mechanism for each ion was suggested on the basis of computational thermochemistry. Atomic charges, relative energies, and frontier orbitals were employed aiming at a better understanding of the gas‐phase reactivity of lapachol. Potential energy surfaces for fragmentation reactions were obtained by the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.