高温X射线衍射法鉴别珍珠粉及贝壳粉

用高温X射线衍射法(XRD)研究了珍珠粉及贝壳粉中碳酸钙的相变过程。结果表明:随着试验温度的升高,上述2种样品均发生文石型向方解石型的相变,但相变程序不同;当温度从室温升至330℃,贝壳粉中方解石的质量分数由0.5%增至25.5%,而珍珠粉中方解石的质量分数则由5.0%增至8.1%。根据测定温度条件试验并综合考虑其它因素选择测定温度为330℃。试验了珍珠粉和贝壳粉混合样品中碳酸钙的上述2种晶体的相变情况,结果发现:样品中方解石的含量与其混入的贝壳粉含量呈线性关系,表明两者的混合并不影响其相变机制。在相同试验温度条件下,珍珠粉的相变程度明显低于贝壳粉。利用这一现象,可以用高温XRD快速而准确地对珍珠粉和贝壳粉进行鉴别。     

市售廉价珍珠粉的探究分析报告

1问题的提出2010年9月19日,央视《每周质量报告》再次揭露行业潜规则:使用贝壳粉冒充珍珠粉在珍珠产地已经是公开的秘密。我们走访了很多商店和超市,发现有很多廉价的珍珠粉售卖,价格都在每包(250g)10元以下,还有不少是5元以下的。我们对这些廉价珍珠粉的质量表示怀疑,通过掌握的化     

珍珠粉和贝壳粉的化学成分和结构特征分析

<正>珍珠粉是将珍珠贝壳动物马氏珠母贝、蚌科动物三角帆蚌或褶纹冠蚌等双壳动物受刺激形成的珍珠用物理的方法粉碎磨细而成的粉状物,自古以来就是名贵中药,具有安神定惊、明目消翳、解毒生肌之功效[1]。但是,市场上常出现以将蚌壳用碱去除其表面的角质层研细而成的贝壳粉,混充珍珠粉。查阅文献发现,由于珍珠粉和贝壳     

三角帆蚌贝壳粉及其珍珠粉中文石的傅里叶红外光谱研究

生物成因文石与无机成因文石的红外特征峰的差异表现为文石的υ2(面外弯曲振动)谱带具有明显的频率蓝移特征[1-2],该现象归因于有机大分子对生物无机矿化过程的调控作用[3]。但对于同为生物成因的文石,在不同的软体动物双壳纲的贝壳不同壳层中,由于相应的文石质壳层的形成时间与形成条件存在差异,也将导致其红外光谱特征吸收峰的位置出现特异性[4-5]。     

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的制备与倍率性能研究

在碳酸盐共沉淀法中引入超声波技术,合成锂镍钴锰前驱体,然后通过高温煅烧制备了LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、差示量热扫描(DSC)、循环伏安法(CV)及充放电测试等手段对材料进行了表征。结果表明,材料在700～1 000 ℃下均能形成六方层状α-NaFeO₂结构,其晶体有序化程度随着煅烧温度的升高而升高。SEM分析     

碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备氟代聚阴离子型嵌/脱锂材料LiVPO4F/C

采用碳热还原辅助溶胶-凝胶法合成了锂二次电池正极材料LiVPO₄F/C, 探讨煅烧温度和煅烧时间对所制备材料纯度、结构和电化学性能的影响. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 恒流充放电, 电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和循环伏安(CV)等手段对不同煅烧温度和时间所得的材料进行结构表征和电化学性能测试. 当煅烧时间为4 h 时, 温度为450 ℃时, 能够得到纯相LiVPO₄F/C, 在0.1C、0.5C和1.0C倍率下, 电池放电比容量分别为193.2、175.6 和173.7 mAh·g^-1. 随着煅烧温度升高, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃杂相逐渐增多, 650 ℃煅烧后的材料Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 成为主相. 优化煅烧时间也能够有效控制Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ 杂相的生成, 能得到电化学性能良好的LiVPO₄F/C. 当煅烧温度为550 ℃时, 反应3 h后得到的产物综合电化学性能最优.     

Sr(Ce_(0.6)Zr_(0.4))_(1-x)Y_xO_3质子电解质的合成研究

采用Pechini法合成了Sr(Ce_(0.6)Zr_(0.4))_(1-x)Y_xO_3(SCZY,x=0.10, 0.15, 0.20)电解质粉体,将所制粉体模压成型后在1450℃煅烧10 h得到固体电解质。采用XRD研究掺杂量和煅烧温度对粉体相纯度的影响,通过SEM观察粉体和电解质的微观结构,用电化学阻抗谱法测量电解质的电性能。结果表明:1000℃煅烧后的SCZY粉体(x=0.15)为纯的钙钛矿相,粉体晶粒尺寸随煅烧温度升高而明显长大。高速球磨能有效改善粉体的团聚情况,得到亚微米粉体,由此压制的质子电解质更加致密,没有微孔等缺陷, 800℃的电导率为7.94×10~(-3) S·cm~(-1)。     

贝壳粉对铅(Ⅱ)吸附性能的研究

制备了不同粒径的贝壳粉,并将此材料作为铅(Ⅱ)的吸附剂,研究贝壳粉的的吸附性能。结果表明:介质pH为7.0时,铅(Ⅱ)的吸附容量随贝壳粉的粒径减小和温度的升高而增大。     

水热共还原法制备La_2O_3掺杂W-Cu复合粉末工艺研究

以水热合成法为基础,制备了La2O3掺杂量为2.0%(质量分数)的W-20Cu复合粉体,并通过SEM,HRTEM,DTA/TG及XRD等手段对复合粉体的物相、形貌和微观结构进行了表征。结果表明:水热共沉淀法制备稀土La2O3掺杂W-Cu复合粉时,对应前驱溶液的最佳p H为5.5。与不加稀土相比,水热产物分解温度降低,470℃煅烧2 h后,La与W形成复合氧化物La2W3O12,且分解形成的WO3相依附La(OH)3生长,其结晶性提高。在推杆式还原炉850℃于H2介质中还原2 h后,煅烧粉完全被转化为W,Cu和La2O3,HRTEM表征发现La2O3吸附在W和Cu颗粒的表面,阻止晶粒的长大,有望提高还原粉体的烧结性能。     

OCS+经由A2П←X2П激发的光解离光谱

在超声分子束条件下,由423、420、412.2和408.4nm的电离激光使OCS分子通过[3+1]共振增强多光子电离(REMPI)制备出OCS+(X2Π)离子后,在260-325nm范围内扫描解离激光获得了OCS+离子经由A2Π3/2←X2Π3/2(000)和A2Π1/2←X2Π1/2(000,001)跃迁的分质量光解离谱(母体离子OCS+的凹陷谱和碎片离子S+的增强谱).其中A2Π1/2←X2Π1/2(001)跃迁的光解离谱是首次观察到.由A2Π3/2←X2Π3/2(000)光解离谱得到了A2Π3/2电子态的光谱常数T0=31411.3cm-1,ν1=814.3cm-1;由A2Π1/2←X2Π1/2(000)光解离谱得到了A2Π1/2电子态的光谱常数ν1=816cm-1,ν2=(380.4±2.8)cm-1,ν3=(2052.7±5.1)cm-1,而从A2Π1/2←X2Π1/2(001)光解离谱拟合出的A2Π1/2电子态的ν1(786.4cm-1)稍有不同,表明在A2Π1/2←X2Π1/2(001)跃迁中X2П1/2电子态的C-O键振动(ν3)激发影响了A2Π1/2电子态C-S键的振动(ν1).实验结果表明:在A2Π1/2←X2Π1/2(000,001)跃迁的光解离谱中能够显著观察到属于A2Π电子态的ν2弯曲振动模激发的谱峰,例如A2Π1/2(020,120,021,…),而在A2П3/2(υ1υ2υ3)←X2Π3/2(000)跃迁的光解离谱中几乎没有观察到属于ν2弯曲振动模激发的谱峰.这种弯曲振动激发和A2П电子态的旋轨分裂分量(Ω)的相关性可以通过A2Π电子态的Fermi共振和Renner-Teller效应来解释.     

Ion-Selective Electrode Determination of Calcium and Potassium in Bovine Skim-Milk Powder

Abstract

Ion-selective electrode determinations of potassium and calcium have been carried out on skim milk powder and the results compared with data obtained by flame emission spectroscopy for potassium and by atomic absorption spectroscopy for calcium. The data indicate that ion-selective electrodes can be used as an alternative to spectroscopic methods for determining these metals by using a dry-ashing pretreatment procedure. Acid digestion pretreatment is not recommended because of the ensuing high ionic strength and possible interferences. Sodium and magnesium contents obtained by spectroscopy are also quoted for interest. The various percentage metal contents are: potassium: 1.96 ± 0.155 (ISE direct) 1.81 ± 0.144 (ISE Gran) and 1.82 ± 0.076 (flame emission), sodium: 0.511 ± 0.017 (flame emission), calcium: 1.37 ± 0.095 (ISE direct), 1.36 + 0.079 (ISE Gran) and 1.41 ± 0.082 (flame aas), and magnesium 0.119 ± 0.003 (flame aas).     

Preparation and surface properties of encapsulated powder pharmaceuticals

During the blending of two powders in a mixer, the preferential adhesion and sticking of fine powders onto other large powder surfaces were usually observed. These frictional charging and physical adhesiveness properties can be used to modify and encapsulate the surfaces of solids. In the present study, a centrifugal rotating-type mixer was used to study the possible wax encapsulation process in binary (drug-potato starch) ordered powder mixes. The results indicate the expected trend of wax encapsulating efficiency as the continuous and homogeneous adhesions of the fine drug particles on potato starch surfaces increases. The wax encapsulated products offer a better controlled release property for drugs compared to that of the ordered drug-potato starch mixture.     

粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法快速测定生石灰粉中氧化钙和二氧化硅

采用粉末压片法制样,建立了波长色散X射线荧光光谱法快速测定生石灰粉中氧化钙、二氧化硅的分析方法。由于没有国家标准样品,采用自制生石灰粉标准样品绘制工作曲线。考察了样品粒度及吸潮对分析结果的影响。实验表明,在样品粒度为74μm、压样机压力为12 MPa、压制时间为45s的制样条件下荧光计数率最稳定,在30min内测定样品效果最佳。采用α理论系数法和经验系数法相结合校正基体影响。对同一生石灰粉样品进行精密度实验,各组分的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.04%~0.43%。测定了5个生石灰粉样品,所得结果与常规化学分析方法测定值相符。     

Fluorescence and liquid room-temperature phosphorescence of the aluminium-ferron chelate in vesicles

In order to evaluate the analytical potential of vesicles for enhancing the room-temperature luminescence of metal chelates, the photoluminescence emission of the aluminium-ferron complex in vesicular solutions was examined. The presence of vesicles of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide produced a six-fold enhancement in the fluorescence intensity of the metal chelate. Vesicles also proved to be efficient stabilizers to obtain analytically useful liquid room-temperature phosphorescence for aluminium. Optimum experimental conditions and luminescence characteristics of the aluminium complex in the presence of vesicles are described and compared with those obtained for the same chelate in micellar media. As a result, a vesicle-enhanced fluorimetric procedure is proposed which has been successfully applied to the determination of low levels of aluminium in milk powders.     

X-ray and neutron powder diffraction study of the double perovskites Ba2LnSbO6 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd and Sm)

The crystal structures of Ba₂LnSbO₆ (Ln=La, Pr, Nd and Sm) at room temperature have been investigated by profile analysis of the Rietveld method using either combined X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data or X-ray powder diffraction data. It has been shown that the structure of Ba₂LnSbO₆ with Ln =La, Pr and Nd are neither monoclinic nor cubic as were previously reported. They are rhombohedral with the space group . The distortion from cubic symmetry is due to the rotation of the LnO₆/SbO₆ octahedra about the primitive cubic [111]_p-axis. On the other hand, the structure of Ba₂SmSbO₆ is found to be cubic. All compounds contain an ordered arrangement of LnO₆ and SbO₆ octahedra.     

Chiolite-like Ca5Te3O14: An X-ray and neutron diffraction study

The crystal structure of Ca₅Te₃O₁₄ at room temperature was studied by the Rietveld method using combined X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the space group Cmca with the lattice parameters a=10.4268(2) Å, b=10.3908(2) Å and c=10.4702(2) Å. The structure of Ca₅Te₃O₁₄ is chiolite-like and consists of a framework of corner-linked TeO₆ octahedral layers in which a linear TeO₂ group of every fourth octahedron is substituted by a Ca atom. This type of structure was previously observed in BaSr₄U₃O₁₄. The relationship between the chiolite-like structure and the fluorite structure is discussed.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法分析乳制品的成分

利用甲醇沉淀进口奶粉、国产奶粉和奶茶粉水溶液中的蛋白质,所得上清液用二氯甲烷萃取,再经傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FT-IR)分析沉淀物和各相中物质的成分.试验结果表明:3种样品沉淀物中均含有蛋白质和脂肪酸甘油三酯,在萃取时均有乳糖析出.三者上层(水+甲醇)均含有糊精;而下层(二氯甲烷-甲醇)进口奶粉中含有磷脂酰胆碱,国产奶粉中含有磷脂酰胆碱和长碳链伯酰胺,奶茶粉中含有咖啡因.     

Surface chemical and geometrical properties of pure copper powder intended for binder jetting and sintering

One novel important application of sinter-based additive manufacturing involving binder jetting is copper-based products. Three different variants of nominally pure copper powder having particle size distributions with D90 < 16, 22, or 31 μm were investigated in this study. The packing behavior and the flow properties using dynamic test and shear cell, as well as specific surface area were evaluated. The analyses employed illustrate the multidimensional complexity. Because different measurements capture different aspect of the powder, it is imperative to apply a characterization approach involving different methods. Surface chemical analysis by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that all powder variants were covered by Cu₂O, CuO, and Cu (OH)₂, with Cu₂O being dominant in all cases. The finest powder with D90 < 16 μm tended to have higher relative amount of copper in divalent state. The average apparent oxide thickness estimated by XPS depth profiling showed that the two coarser variants had similar overall average oxide thickness, whereas the finest one possessed smaller oxide thickness. The surface chemistry of the powder grades is found to be related to their rheological behavior in dynamic condition. Considering the specific surface areas in combination with the average oxide thicknesses, the amount of surface bound oxygen was estimated to be about ~220 ppm for all three variants. Specific concerns need to be taken during the sintering of powder to keep oxygen level below that of electrolytic pitch copper (400 ppm).     

Electrochemistry of Methyl Viologen and Anthraquinonedisulfonate at Diamond and Diamond Powder Electrodes: The Influence of Surface Chemistry

The electrochemical behaviour of methyl viologen and anthraquinonedisulfonate was studied at electrodes produced from differing forms of diamond, including microcrystalline boron doped diamond, boron doped diamond powder and detonation nanodiamond powder. Two types of electrode pretreatment were employed to produce two dissimilar surface terminations: hydrophobic H‐terminated and hydrophilic O‐terminated. In the case of methyl viologen, it was found that the reduced neutral molecule adsorbed on all three electrodes if they were hydrogen terminated, but not if they were oxygen terminated. For anthraquinonedisulfonate, no adsorption was found on the solid diamond electrode, although again significant adsorption was noted on the powder electrodes, provided they were hydrogen terminated. The reasons underlying these observations are discussed in terms of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and the electrode morphology. The work provides information into the likely occurrence of adsorption and concomitant electrode fouling, which may be experienced in electroanalytical applications using solid and powdered forms of diamond.