离子液体[bmim][BF4]对联苯甲酰光化学反应影响的瞬态吸收光谱

利用纳秒级激光光解瞬态吸收光谱研究了联苯甲酰(BZ)在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([bmim][BF₄])与乙腈(MeCN)混合体系中的光化学反应行为. 考察了探针分子BZ存在下[bmim][BF₄]/MeCN比例对体系中化学反应动力学的影响. 实验发现: 在N₂饱和条件下, BZ溶液经激光辐照后产生的激发三线态³BZ^*遵循一级反应动力学规律衰减. 离子液体(IL)相对比例增加对³BZ^*瞬态吸收峰的位置和强度没有产生明显影响. 但离子液体体积分数V_IL的变化对[bmim][BF₄]/MeCN混合溶剂中光诱导电子转移的影响却非常显著, 总体上电子转移产生的自由基的表观生成速率常数k_gr随[bmim][BF₄]的V_IL增大而减小. 在[bmim]BF₄]比例足够大的情况下, ³BZ^*与三乙胺或四甲基对苯二胺之间的电子转移被抑制.     

烷基咪唑离子液体对脂肪酶催化酯水解反应活性的影响

考察了1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑类离子液体对柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶(CRL)催化橄榄油水解反应活性的影响,利用电导法确定了磷酸盐缓冲液中Br^-,Cl^-,[BF₄]^-系列咪唑离子液体的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和[PF₆]^-系列咪唑离子液体的溶解度.结果显示,离子液体的阴、阳离子对酶活性的影响规律与离子液体的Kosmotropicity性质无明显关联,但与离子液体在体系中的含量密切相关,在最适离子液体含量时,酶活性达到最高;阳离子[C_nMIM]⁺中的n越大,可促进酶活性的离子液体适宜含量越低;Br^-,[BF₄]^-系列离子液体的浓度超过CMC时则抑制酶活;阴离子对酶活性的最大促进作用顺序为Br^->Cl^->[BF₄]^->[PF₆]^-.离子液体对酶活性的影响随体系pH和温度的不同而改变,在最适离子液体浓度时的最适pH均为7.000.在pH 7.000,30 ^oC以及[C₈MIM]Br离子液体浓度为47.6 mmol/L的最佳条件下,最高相对酶活力和比活力分别达到1734%和54.4 U/mg protein.     

离子液体1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐在水溶液中的聚集行为

采用等温滴定量热法、静态荧光猝灭法和电导法系统研究了典型离子液体1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Cnmim][BF₄])在水溶液中的聚集行为, 获得了胶束形成的临界胶束浓度(cmc), 摩尔焓变(ΔH_mic), 摩尔吉布斯自由能变(ΔG_mic), 摩尔熵变(ΔS_mic)以及不同浓度时[Cnmim][BF₄]胶束的平均聚集数等基本参数. 发现这类离子液体的聚集为熵驱动, 阳离子的烷基链越长, ΔG_mic越负, 聚集更容易发生. 此外, 结合[C_nmim]X (X=Cl^-, Br^-)的相关研究发现, 阳离子相同时, 体积越大和疏水性越强的阴离子与头基的结合能力越强, 能有效地降低头基之间的静电排斥, 降低cmc, 利于胶束的形成. 对于[C₁₂mim][BF₄], 添加剂β-环糊精(β-CD)的加入可使cmc增大, ΔH_mic和ΔS_mic减小, 而KBF₄则可使cmc和ΔH_mic减小, ΔS_mic增大.     

离子液体添加剂[BMIM]HSO4对锌电积过程析氧反应动力学的影响

研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([BMIM]HSO₄)离子液体对锌电积过程析氧反应的影响. 研究工作借助于动电位极化, 电化学阻抗谱, 扫描电镜和X射线衍射等测试技术. 动电位极化曲线及对应的动力学参数分析表明, [BMIM]HSO₄对阳极析氧反应具有催化作用,可提高析氧反应速率常数. 电化学阻抗谱数据表明,[BMIM]HSO₄能显著降低阳极析氧电荷传递电阻,在所研究的1.85-2.10 V电位范围内添加5 mg·L^-1 [BMIM]HSO₄, 电阻值至少降低50%. 此外, 添加剂对阳极表面二次反应具有抑制作用, 其在阳极表面的吸附,阻碍了阴离子的阳极活化位点吸附过程. 电化学测试结果与长时间(120 h)阳极极化后所得阳极表面形貌和结晶取向分析结果相一致. [BMIM]HSO₄的添加能有效抑制中间产物β-PbO₂的形成,促进铅银电极表面大块且疏松多孔α-PbO₂的生成,加速阳极析氧的进行.     

在离子液体[BMIm][BF4]中电沉积光亮金镀层

在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[BMIm][BF₄]）中以HAuCl₄·3H₂O为主盐、通过添加5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲（DMH）和胞嘧啶可得到色泽光亮、厚度达1.5 μm的金镀层,沉积过程中阴极电流效率可达到100%。SEM和XRD测试结果表明,DMH和胞嘧啶具有细化晶粒、平整镀层的作用。电化学测试结果表明,DMH可分别与Au³⁺、Au⁺形成配合物Au（DMH）₄^-、Au（DMH）₂^-,抑制了还原过程的表面转化步骤,从而增加了阴极极化,起到光亮镀层、细化晶粒的作用;胞嘧啶可在金核表面吸附,从而可以进一步光亮镀层、细化晶粒,与DMH有协同作用。循环伏安测试研究了镀液的电化学行为,研究表明在此体系中Au³⁺的还原为两步还原过程,分别为Au³⁺→ Au⁺和Au⁺→ Au。此外DMH和胞嘧啶的添加不会带来副反应。     

分子模拟研究气体在室温离子液体中的溶解度

在作者先前建立的分子力场基础上, 采用Widom粒子插入法预测了CO₂、N₂、O₂、Ar及CH₄等5种气体在多种咪唑类离子液体中的溶解度, 包括2种侧链长度的阳离子和3种阴离子. 首先考察了256个离子对组成的体系中溶质分子插入次数对计算结果的影响, 在此基础上计算了不同温度下气体在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑的四氟化硼盐([bmim][BF₄])和六氟化磷盐([bmim][PF₆])中的溶解度. 计算结果正确反映了CO₂气体溶解度的变化趋势, 在[bmim][BF₄]中溶解度的模拟结果与实验值符合很好, 且明显优于Pádua等的模拟结果；在[bmim][PF₆]中的溶解度较实验值偏高, 精度与文献模拟结果相当；并预测了较高温度下CO₂气体在[bmim][BF₄]和[bmim][PF₆]中的溶解度. 计算结果也正确地反映了5种气体在[bmim][PF₆]中溶解度实验值的相对大小. 另外考察了常温下几种气体在不同室温离子液体中的溶解度, 模拟结果表明气体在含有较长碳链和双-三氟甲基磺酰胺阴离子(Tf₂N^－)的离子液体中溶解度较大.     

γ辐照引发[Cnmim][NTf2]离子液体变色研究

1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲基磺酰胺型离子液体(C_nmim][NTf₂])被认为是最有希望用于核燃料循环中的分离试剂之一, 虽然其化学结构在辐照过程中变化不大, 但在受到γ辐照后会发生明显的变色, 因此有必要研究该类离子液体的变色原因. 本文以⁶⁰Co为辐照源, 系统研究了辐照后不同C(1)－烷基链长和咪唑环上C(2)位上的H被甲基取代后离子液体的紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱行为, 并结合辐照后离子液体荧光光谱和质谱的变化, 分析了导致该类离子液体辐照后颜色加深的原因. 结果表明, 随着咪唑环上C(1)―烷基链长度和剂量增大, 离子液体颜色加深; 而C(2)位上的H被甲基取代后颜色明显变浅. 辐照后咪唑型离子液体的变色主要来自于辐照后产生的烷基侧链含双键的咪唑阳离子, 咪唑阳离子二聚体和含氟咪唑化合物. 此外, γ辐照引起咪唑阳离子易发生π-π堆积, 而聚集态含量增加也会引起颜色加深.     

在离子液体[BMIm][BF4]中电沉积光亮金镀层

在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[BMIm][BF₄]）中以HAuCl₄·3H₂O为主盐、通过添加5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲（DMH）和胞嘧啶可得到色泽光亮、厚度达1.5 μm的金镀层,沉积过程中阴极电流效率可达到100%。SEM和XRD测试结果表明,DMH和胞嘧啶具有细化晶粒、平整镀层的作用。电化学测试结果表明,DMH可分别与Au³⁺、Au⁺形成配合物[Au（DMH）₄]^-、[Au（DMH）₂]^-,抑制了还原过程的表面转化步骤,从而增加了阴极极化,起到光亮镀层、细化晶粒的作用;胞嘧啶可在金核表面吸附,从而可以进一步光亮镀层、细化晶粒,与DMH有协同作用。循环伏安测试研究了镀液的电化学行为,研究表明在此体系中Au³⁺的还原为两步还原过程,分别为Au³⁺→ Au⁺和Au⁺→ Au。此外DMH和胞嘧啶的添加不会带来副反应。     

离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酸盐与水之间的氢键作用

通过衰减全反射红外（ATR-IR）光谱、二维红外相关谱结合量子化学计算研究了1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酸盐（[emim][OTf]）和水之间的氢键作用. 结果表明,在[emim][OTf]^-水体系中,当水的浓度较低时（0.1< x（D₂O）< 0.3）,水分子的主要存在形式是包裹在离子液体中的没有缔合的单体. 水分子优先填充到[emim][OTf]的空隙中,并且与[emim][OTf]的阴离子形成“[OTf]^-…HOH…[OTf]^-”结构,水分子与[emim][OTf]的阳离子的相互作用位点是烷基氢而不是芳香氢;当水分子浓度较高时,水分子倾向于自身缔合形成小团簇结构,水分子与[emim][OTf]的阳离子的相互作用位点是芳香氢而不是烷基氢.     

离子液体-分子溶剂混合体系中电导率的测量与关联

在298.15K下测定了1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Bmim][BF₄])和1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim][PF₆])与不同分子溶剂混合体系的电导率。结果表明, 随着分子溶剂浓度的增大，离子液体的摩尔电导率逐渐增大，离子液体在溶液中的摩尔电导率可以用纯离子液体的摩尔电导率、分子溶剂的介电常数和摩尔体积进行关联。     

Coordination environment of [UO2Br4] in ionic liquids and crystal structure of [Bmim]2[UO2Br4]

The complex formed by the reaction of the uranyl ion, UO₂²⁺, with bromide ions in the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][Tf₂N]) and methyl-tributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([MeBu₃N][Tf₂N]) has been investigated by UV–Vis and U L_III-edge EXAFS spectroscopy and compared to the crystal structure of [Bmim]₂[UO₂Br₄]. The solid state reveals a classical tetragonal bipyramid geometry for [UO₂Br₄]²⁻ with hydrogen bonds between the Bmim⁺ and the coordinated bromides. The UV–Vis spectroscopy reveals the quantitative formation of [UO₂Br₄]²⁻ when a stoichiometric amount of bromide ions is added to UO₂(CF₃SO₃)₂ in both Tf₂N-based ionic liquids. The absorption spectrum also suggests a D_4h symmetry for [UO₂Br₄]²⁻ in ionic liquids, as previously observed for the [UO₂Cl₄]²⁻ congener. EXAFS analysis supports this conclusion and demonstrates that the [UO₂Br₄]²⁻ coordination polyhedron is maintained in the ionic liquids without any coordinating solvent or water molecules. The mean U–O and U–Br distances in the solutions, determined by EXAFS, are, respectively, 1.766(2) and 2.821(2) Å in [Bmim][Tf₂N], and, respectively, 1.768(2) and 2.827(2) Å, in [MeBu₃N][Tf₂N]. Similar results are obtained in both ionic liquids indicating no significant influence of the ionic liquid cation either on the complexation reaction or on the structure of the uranyl species.     

High-pressure infrared spectroscopy of ionic liquids mixed with Tween 80

In this study, the possibility of using Tween 80 to disturb the microstructures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF₄) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF₆) was investigated under high pressures. The imidazolioum C H absorptions of pure ionic liquids (ILs) are significantly blue-shifted under high pressures. However, mild changes in imidazolioum C H stretching frequencies were observed for IL/Tween 80 mixtures. Tween 80 may hinder cations of ILs to form network structures with anions under high pressures via pressure-enhanced cation-Tween 80 interactions. Based on the experimental results, Tween 80-[BMIM]PF₆ interactions are more effective in disturbing the local structure of imidazolium C H than Tween 80-[BMIM]BF₄ interactions.     

Liquid structures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and carbon dioxide mixtures by X-ray diffraction measurements

X-ray diffraction measurements for the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [BMIM][BF₄], mixed with CO₂ were carried out at high pressures using our developed polymer cell. The intermolecular distribution functions obtained for [BMIM][BF₄]–CO₂ mixtures showed that CO₂ molecules are preferentially solvated to the [BF₄]⁻ anion. The similar preferential solvation was previously observed in analogous 1-btuyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMIM][PF₆], with a different anion, which is in harmony with the present results in [BMIM][BF₄]–CO₂.     

The Physical Properties of Aqueous Solutions of the Ionic Liquid [BMIM][BF4]

We report here the systematic study of the effect of concentration on the physical properties of aqueous solutions of the room-temperature ionic liquid [BMIM][BF₄]. The measurements of density, ρ, refractive index △n, viscosity η, specific conductivity κ and surface tension, γ, were made over the whole concentration range. The equivalent conductance Λ _m was calculated. The observed linear variations of density and refractive index with the molar concentration are established as those of an ideal solution. The surface tension varied most rapidly in the dilute region whereas the viscosity changed much more rapidly in the concentrated region. Two regions with different composition dependences were found after the analyses of the relationship between the conductivity and the concentration of [BMIM][BF₄]. A proposed model for a structural change in the mixtures was described. The physical origin of the observed concentration dependence of these properties is discussed. The physical properties of the solutions vary with changes of association between anions and cations and the interaction between [BMIM][BF₄] and water.     

Raman Spectroscopic Study on Alkyl Chain Conformation in 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids and their Aqueous Mixtures

Ionic liquids of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ([BMIM]) cation with different anions (Cl^?, Br^?, I^?, and BF₄^?), and their aqueous mixtures were investigated by using Raman spectroscopy and dispersion‐included density functional theory (DFT). The characteristic Raman bands at 600 and 624 cm^?1 for two isomers of the butyl chain in the imidazolium cation showed significant changes in intensity for different anions as well as in aqueous solutions. The area ratio of these two bands followed the order I^?>Br^?>Cl^?>BF₄^? (in terms of the anion X in [BMIM]X), indicating that the butyl chain of [BMIM]I tends to adopt the trans conformation. The butyl chain was found to adopt the gauche conformation upon dilution, irrespective of the anion type. The Raman bands in the butyl C?H stretch region for [BMIM]X (X=Cl^?, Br^?, and I^?) blueshifted significantly with the increase in the water concentration, whereas that for [BMIM]BF₄ changed very little upon dilution. The blueshift in the C?H stretch region upon dilution also followed the order: [BMIM]I>[BMIM]Br>[BMIM]Cl>[BMIM]BF₄, the same order as the above trans conformation preference of the butyl chain in pure imidazolium ionic liquids, which suggested that the cation‐anion interaction plays a role in determining the conformation of the chain.     

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for ethanol–water system containing different ionic liquids at atmospheric pressure

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for ethanol–water systems containing ionic liquids (ILs) 1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([MMIM][DMP]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ([EMIM][DEP]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM][Br]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF₆]) at atmospheric pressure (101.32 kPa) were measured with a circulation still. The results showed that the VLE of ethanol–water systems in the presence of different ILs was obviously different from that of the IL-free system. All ILs studied showed a salting-out effect, which gave rise to a change of the relative volatility of ethanol, and even to an elimination of the azeotropic point. It was found that the salting-out effect followed the order of [BMIM][Cl] > [BMIM][Br] > [BMIM][PF₆] and [MMIM][DMP] > [EMIM][DEP], which was ascribed to the preferential solvation ability of the ions resulting from the dissociation of the IL.     

Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ureas and S‐Thiocarbamates under Catalyst‐free Conditions in a [BMIM]BF4 Ionic Liquid

Unsymmetrical ureas and S‐thiocarbamates were prepared in good to excellent yields by direct condensation of phenylurea with amines and thiols in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF₄) without the addition of any additives. The [BMIM]BF₄ ionic liquid is a mild medium and can be recycled and reused several times.     

Measurement and correlation of vapor pressure of benzene and thiophene with [BMIM][PF6] and [BMIM][BF4] ionic liquids

An apparatus used to measure vapor pressure of organic solvents was set up, and vapor pressure of mixture of ionic liquids ([BMIM][PF₆] and [BMIM][BF₄]) and aromatic compounds (benzene and thiophene), with mole fraction of organic solute from 0.1 to 0.75 was measured by using saturation vapor pressure method at temperature from 303 K to 343 K. Then NRTL equation was used to correlate the experimental data. The overall average relative deviation of activity coefficients for the whole system is 2.30%, which indicates that NTRL equation can be utilized to correlate vapor pressure of binary systems containing ionic liquids. The results show that ionic liquids can depress the volatility of aromatic compounds.     

The thermochemistry of solvation of imidazolium-based ionic liquids in benzene

ABSTRACT

The present work is devoted to the thermochemical study of solvation of ionic liquids (IL) in benzene. The solution enthalpies of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide [EMIM][C(CN)₃], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF₄], 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [HMIM][PF₆], 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [OMIM][BF₄], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIM][NTf₂], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMIM][NTf₂] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate [BMIM][TfO] in benzene were measured. The solvation enthalpies of imidazolium-based IL were calculated. Molar refractions of imidazolium-based IL form literature data on density and refractive indexes of IL were also calculated. The linear correlation between solvation enthalpy and molar refraction of IL was observed. This correlation can be used to calculate the vaporization enthalpy of imidazolium-based IL from solution calorimetry data.     

Solubilities of cinnamic acid esters in binary mixtures of ionic liquids and organic solvents

The solubilities of three cinnamic acid esters, namely, methyl ferulate, methyl p-coumarate, and methyl sinapate, have been measured in mixed solvent systems of tert-butanol with 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF₆]), 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF₄]) and 1-methyl-3-octyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OMIM][BF₄]) at 303.15 and 321.15 K, and in mixed solvent systems of ethyl acetate with [BMIM][BF₄] and [OMIM][BF₄] at 303.15 K. In eight cases, out of the 22 data sets, an additive behaviour of the solubility was observed, positive deviations from additivity were observed in six cases, a positive synergistic effect in five cases, and, finally, negative deviations from additivity in the remaining three cases. Prediction of the solubilities of the solutes in the various ternary systems was performed with the NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models. The binary interaction parameters of the models between solute and solvent molecules were taken from the literature. When the parameters between the solvent molecules are fitted to literature data, satisfactory predictions are not always obtained. On the other hand, very good predictions are obtained when only one of the two interaction parameters between the two solvent molecules is fitted to one single point of the solubility isotherm and the other interaction parameter is set equal to zero.