LDHs主体层板与卤素阴离子超分子作用的理论研究

构建了LDHs主客体作用模型, 采用混合密度泛函B3LYP方法, 在6-31G(d)水平上进行结构优化和频率分析, 然后分别用6-31G(d)和6-311++G(d, p)基组计算主客体相互作用能, 从几何参数、电荷布居、前线轨道、能量以及热力学参数等角度探讨LDHs主体层板与卤素阴离子(F?, Cl?)间的超分子作用. 计算结果表明, LDHs主体层板复合卤素阴离子是一个自发过程. LDHs主客体间存在着较强的超分子作用, 主要包括静电和氢键作用, 相互作用能分别为?592.45和?444.01 kJ·mol?1. LDHs主体层板与卤素阴离子的前线轨道发生作用, 电子容易从卤素阴离子的HOMO向层板的LUMO转移, 形成的组装产物Mg6Al(OH)14+?F?比Mg6Al(OH)14+?Cl?稳定.     

水滑石限域空间中Cl-与H2O的超分子作用

构建水滑石(LDHs-Cl-yH2O)周期性计算模型, 选用密度泛函理论-赝势平面波法对模型进行几何全优化, 从结构参数、Mulliken电荷布居、态密度(DOS)、能量等角度研究层间Cl-和水分子的分布形态以及与LDHs层板间的超分子作用. 计算结果表明, LDHs-Cl主客体间存在着较强的超分子作用, 主要包括静电和氢键作用. LDHs-Cl层间引入水分子后, 随着水分子数的增加, 层间距逐渐增大后趋于平衡. 水合过程中氢键作用比静电作用更占优势, layer-water型氢键要略强于anoin-water型氢键. 当y=1, 2时, Cl-与水分子所在平面以平行层板的方式存在于LDHs层板间, 并且与两层板的距离基本相等; 当y=3, 4时, Cl-与水分子则以偏向某一层的方式随机地存在于LDHs 层板间. 随着层间水分子增加, LDHs-Cl-yH2O由离子型晶体向分子型晶体转化, LDHs-Cl的水合具有饱和量.     

类水滑石主体层板与客体CO2-3、H2O间的超分子作用

通过构建类水滑石双层计算模型,采用混合密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/3-21G方法计算类水滑石(LDHs-CO3-yH2O)的结构与能量,探讨LDHs限域空间中客体阴离子及水分子的分布形态以及主客体超分子作用.计算结果表明,客体阴离子与水分子以平行层板的方式存在于水滑石层间.主客体发生作用时,CO2-3的HOMO轨道向层板的LUMO轨道转移电子.所形成的LDHs-CO3主客体作用要强于LDHs-F以及LDHs-Cl.与其离子交换性能相一致.水滑石去水结构(LDHs-CO3)水合过程,氢键作用较静电作用更占优势,并且layer-water型氢键要强于anion-water型氢键.此外,水合能计算表明LDHs水合具有一定的饱和量.     

类水滑石主体层板与客体CO2-3、H2O间的超分子作用

通过构建类水滑石双层计算模型, 采用混合密度泛函B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/3-21G方法计算类水滑石(LDHs-CO3-yH2O)的结构与能量, 探讨LDHs限域空间中客体阴离子及水分子的分布形态以及主客体超分子作用. 计算结果表明, 客体阴离子与水分子以平行层板的方式存在于水滑石层间. 主客体发生作用时, CO2-3的HOMO轨道向层板的LUMO轨道转移电子. 所形成的LDHs-CO3主客体作用要强于LDHs-F以及LDHs-Cl, 与其离子交换性能相一致. 水滑石去水结构(LDHs-CO3)水合过程, 氢键作用较静电作用更占优势, 并且layer-water型氢键要强于anion-water 型氢键. 此外, 水合能计算表明LDHs水合具有一定的饱和量.     

类水滑石材料主客体插层结构的构筑及特性的理论研究

因主体层板和层间客体具有丰富的可调性, 类水滑石材料(LDHs)在催化、 吸附、 生物医药及光、 电、 磁等方面展现出了广阔的应用前景. 近年来理论研究已成为揭示LDHs微观结构和性质的重要手段, 本文系统综述了LDHs材料主体结构、 客体结构以及主客体相互作用3个方面的理论研究工作进展, 及其在作为光驱动催化剂方面应用的理论研究. 从主体元素构成、 元素比例、 电荷分布、 拓扑结构转变、 能带结构、 态密度、 层间阴离子组成、 离子交换性能、 主客体作用力、 能量性质及光催化性能等方面, 在原子、 电子尺度上揭示了LDHs材料结构-性能之间的构效关系, 为以其为材料平台构筑一系列基于超分子插层结构主客体间相互作用的新型功能材料、 扩展材料的功能性提供了丰富的理论信息和有益指导.     

硼酸根插层水滑石层间组成及取向结构的控制

以Mg0 .67Al0 .3 3 (OH) 2 (CO3 ) 0 .165·0 .62H2 OLDHs为前体 ,以水为分散介质 ,由离子交换法组装了硼酸根插层LDHs ,并用XRD ,FT IR ,TG DTA ,ICP ,11BMASNMR等手段对样品进行了分析和表征 .结果表明 ,通过控制离子交换时的pH ,可使硼酸根取代Mg Al CO3 LDHs前体层间的CO2 -3 ,且可控制离子交换程度及客体的取向 ,从而控制插层结构 .对硼酸根插层LDHs的结构进行研究发现 ,控制pH =4.5 ,层间阴离子主要是一硼酸根和离子平面与LDHs层板平行的三硼酸根 ,出于结构稳定的需要 ,CO2 -3 不能完全被置换 ;控制pH =3 .5 ,层间阴离子是一硼酸根和离子平面与LDHs层板垂直的三硼酸根     

表面预处理对镁铝水滑石结构性质和缓释性能影响

以Mg-Al-NO3水滑石(LDHs)为载体,将5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)通过离子交换法插入其层间,得5-FU/LDHs缓释材料。并对水滑石表面进行弱酸预处理改性,利用XRD、FTIR、TG-DSC、SEM和零电荷点(pHPZC)等表征手段,考察酸预处理对水滑石表面化学性质及微观结构的影响。结果表明,5-FU/LDHs的层间距从0.858 nm扩大到1.064 nm,层间5-FU2阴离子与主体层板通过氢键与静电作用,以呈一定角度单层交替排列于层间。酸预处理的水滑石粒径变小,层板正电荷密度增大。5-FU的释放机理是物理扩散、离子交换和药物溶解等协同作用,酸预处理可提高水滑石的缓释性能和稳定性。     

二元类水滑石层板组成、结构与性能的理论研究

采用晶体学理论建立二元类水滑石(LDHs)微观结构模型与静电势能模型，将层板金属离子间距、层板电荷密度、层间阴离子间距等微观结构参数定量化，并将层间阴离子的静电势能表示成层板金属离子半径和物质的量之比、插层阴离子尺寸和电荷的函数。研究结果表明：LDHs层板金属离子间距应用离子紧密堆积来估算和孔径按阴离子平面六方点阵分布来计算是可行的；调变层板金属离子种类与物质的量之比影响层间阴离子的稳定性，势能计算值与文献报道的LDHs热稳定性次序一致。所以该模型可用于预测LDHs的微观结构参数以及热稳定性，为新型层状双羟基材料的定向合成提供思路。     

超分子结构甲基橙插层水滑石的组装及其光热稳定性研究

甲基橙是一种酸性染料,但因为它的光和热稳定性较差,使其应用范围和使用效果受到了一定限制.以Mg_0.67Al_0.33(OH)₂(CO₃)_0.165·0.58H₂OLDHs为前体,采用离子交换法,将甲基橙插入到LDHs层间,借助XRD,FTIR,UV-Vis和TG-DTA等手段对样品进行表征.结果表明,甲基橙阴离子可以完全取代前体层间的CO₃^2-离子,组装得到晶体结构良好的甲基橙插层LDHs.对其结构进行研究发现,LDHs主体层板与客体甲基橙阴离子之间存在静电吸引、氢键和其它弱化学键相互作用,具有超分子结构特征.该超分子结构材料不仅保持了甲基橙本身的颜色,而且与甲基橙相比,其耐光性和耐热性均有大幅度的提高.     

ZnAl-LDHs热致拓扑转变的理论及实验研究

层状复合金属氢氧化物(LDHs)材料具有纳米尺度的二维层状结构.其晶体结构在煅烧的条件下可发生热致拓扑转变,利用此性质可以LDHs为前驱体制备高分散催化剂.本文采用基于密度泛函的第一性原理分子动力学模拟方法并结合热重分析(TG-DTA)研究了ZnAl-LDHs在升温过程的拓扑转变机理.通过TG-DTA数据明确了发生分解反应的两个关键性温度273和800℃,并在这两个温度进行模拟.在273℃,模拟了LDHs层间阴离子分解及层板脱羟基过程中金属离子的迁移机理,结果表明,层间阴离子CO_3~(2-)通过与主体层板作用形成单齿配体进行分解,产物水分子先于CO_2释放到层间区域内.此时LDHs层板结构已经坍塌,金属离子在层板方向及垂直层板方向都发生了显著的迁移,拓扑不变量(层板方向迁移度)变化明显.因此,ZnAl-LDHs不存在记忆效应.在800℃,模拟发现LDHs结构已经完全坍塌,生成了多孔性的混合金属氧化物,与文献实验结果相符合.本文从原子水平上理解了LDHs整个结构从分解的起始阶段到完全脱水的演变过程,并解释了ZnAl-LDHs没有记忆效应的原因,为认识LDHs热致拓扑转变机理,设计高分散催化剂提供了有益的理论信息和指导.     

Super-Molecular Interaction between Cl and H2O within the Restricted Space of Layered Double Hydroxides

A periodical interaction model of LDHs-Cl-yH₂O has been proposed. The geometry optimization and energy of the layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were calculated using CASTEP/LDA method at the CA-PZ level. The distribution of H₂O in the interlayer and the super-molecular interaction between host layer and guest anion have been investigated by analyzing the geometric parameters, charge population, energy, and density of state (DOS). The results showed that there was a strong super-molecular interaction between the host layer and the guest anion Cl⁻. In the system of LDHs-Cl-yH₂O, the interlayer distance increased gradually then tended to invariableness. And in the process of hydration of LDHs-Cl, hydrogen bonding was superior to electrostatic interaction, and layer-water type hydrogen bonding was a little stronger than anion-water type hydrogen bonding between H₂O and the rest of the structure. When y was 1 or 2, Cl⁻ and the plane of water were parallel to the layer; while y was 3 or 4, distribution of Cl⁻ and water was random. Moreover, the LDHs-Cl-yH₂O would change from ionic crystal to molecular crystal with the increase of number of water molecule. The hydration of LDHs-Cl would achieve a definite saturation state.     

Stabilizing Otherwise Unstable Anions with Halogen Bonding

Both hydrogen bonding (HB) and halogen bonding (XB) are essentially electrostatic interactions, but whereas hydrogen bonding has a well‐documented record of stabilizing unstable anions, little is known about halogen bonding's ability to do so. Herein, we present a combined anion photoelectron spectroscopic and density functional theory study of the halogen bond‐stabilization of the pyrazine (Pz) anion, an unstable anion in isolation due to its neutral counterpart having a negative electron affinity (EA). The halogen bond formed between the σ‐hole on bromobenzene (BrPh) and the lone pair(s) of Pz significantly lowers the energies of the Pz(BrPh)₁⁻ and Pz(BrPh)₂⁻ anions relative to the neutral molecule, resulting in the emergence of a positive EA for the neutral complexes. As seen through its charge distribution and electrostatic potential analyses, the negative charge on Pz⁻ is diluted due to the XB. Thermodynamics reveals that the low temperature of the supersonic expansion plays a key role in forming these complexes.     

Three in One: The Versatility of Hydrogen Bonding Interaction in Halide Salts with Hydroxy-Functionalized Pyridinium Cations

The paradigm of supramolecular chemistry relies on the delicate balance of noncovalent forces. Here we present a systematic approach for controlling the structural versatility of halide salts by the nature of hydrogen bonding interactions. We synthesized halide salts with hydroxy-functionalized pyridinium cations [HOC_nPy]⁺ (n=2, 3, 4) and chloride, bromide and iodide anions, which are typically used as precursor material for synthesizing ionic liquids by anion metathesis reaction. The X-ray structures of these omnium halides show two types of hydrogen bonding: ‘intra-ionic’ H-bonds, wherein the anion interacts with the hydroxy group and the positively charged ring at the same cation, and ‘inter-ionic’ H-bonds, wherein the anion also interacts with the hydroxy group and the ring system but of different cations. We show that hydrogen bonding is controllable by the length of the hydroxyalkyl chain and the interaction strength of the anion. Some molten halide salts exhibit a third type of hydrogen bonding. IR spectra reveal elusive H-bonds between the OH groups of cations, showing interaction between ions of like charge. They are formed despite the repulsive interaction between the like-charged ions and compete with the favored cation-anion H-bonds. All types of H-bonding are analyzed by quantum chemical methods and the natural bond orbital approach, emphasizing the importance of charge transfer in these interactions. For simple omnium salts, we evidenced three distinct types of hydrogen bonds: Three in one!     

Dual Role of the 1,2,3‐Triazolium Ring as a Hydrogen‐Bond Donor and Anion–π Receptor in Anion‐Recognition Processes

Several bis(triazolium)‐based receptors have been synthesized as chemosensors for anion recognition. The central naphthalene core features two aryltriazolium side‐arms. NMR experiments revealed differences between the binding modes of the two triazolium rings: one triazolium ring acts as a hydrogen‐bond donor, the other as an anion–π receptor. Receptors 9²⁺?2BF₄ ^? (C₆H₅), 11²⁺?2BF₄ ^? (4‐NO₂?C₆H₄), and 13²⁺?2BF^4? (ferrocenyl) bind HP₂O₇^3? anions in a mixed‐binding mode that features a combination of hydrogen‐bonding and anion–π interactions and results in strong binding. On the other hand, receptor 10²⁺?2 BF₄ ^? (4‐CH₃O?C₆H₄) only displays combined Csp₂?H/anion–π interactions between the two arms of the receptors and the bound anion rather than triazolium (CH)⁺???anion hydrogen bonding. All receptors undergo a downfield shift of the triazolium protons, as well as the inner naphthalene protons, in the presence of H₂PO₄^? anions. That suggests that only hydrogen‐bonding interactions exist between the binding site and the bound anion, and involve a combination of cationic (triazolium) and neutral (naphthalene) C?H donor interactions. Theoretical calculations relate the electronic structure of the substituent on the aromatic group with the interaction energies and provide a minimum‐energy conformation for all the complexes that explains their measured properties.     

Synthesis and UV absorption properties of 5-sulfosalicylate-intercalated Zn-Al layered double hydroxides

5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) anions have been intercalated into layered double hydroxides (LDHs) by an anion-exchange reaction using ZnAl-NO₃-LDHs as a precursor. The samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA/MS and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results show that the NO₃⁻ anions in the precursor have been completely replaced by SSA anions to give ZnAl-SSA-LDHs having a high degree of crystallinity. Detailed studies reveal the existence of a supramolecular structure in ZnAl-SSA-LDHs involving electrostatic attraction between opposite charges, hydrogen bonding and other weak chemical bonding interactions between host layers and SSA anions. The thermal stability of ZnAl-SSA-LDHs is considerably enhanced compared with that of a mixture of ZnAl-NO₃-LDHs and SSA. After addition of 2.0 wt% ZnAl-SSA-LDHs to polypropylene (PP), the resistance of the polymer to UV degradation is significantly improved.     

Anion recognition and sensing in organic and aqueous media using luminescent and colorimetric sensors

This review article focuses primarily on the work carried in our laboratories over the last few years using luminescent and colorimetric sensors, where the anion recognition occurs through hydrogen bonding in organic or aqueous solvents. This review begins with the story of the discovery of fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) sensors for anions using charged neutral urea or thiourea receptors where both fluorescent and NMR spectroscopic methods monitored anion recognition. This work led to the development of dual luminescent and colorimetric anion sensors based on the use of the ICT based naphthalimide chromophore, where ions such as fluoride gave rise to changes in both the fluorescence and the absorption spectra of the sensors, but at different concentrations. Here, the former changes were due to hydrogen bonding interactions, whereas the latter was due to the deprotonation of acidic protons, giving rise to the formation of the bifluoride anion (HF₂⁻). Modification of the 4-amino-l,8-naphthalimide moiety has facilitated the formation of colorimetric anion sensors that work both in organic or aqueous solutions. Such charge neutral receptor motifs have also been incorporated into organic scaffolds with norbomyl and calixarene backbones, which have enabled us to produce anion directed self-assembled structures.     

Hydrogen‐bonded sheets in 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazol‐3‐ium dihydrogen phosphate

The title salt, C₁₃H₁₂N₃⁺·H₂PO₄⁻, contains a nonplanar 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazol‐3‐ium cation and two different dihydrogen phosphate anions, both situated on twofold rotation axes in the space group C2. The anions are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains of R₂²(8) rings. The anion chains are linked by the cations, via hydrogen‐bonding complementarities and electrostatic interactions, giving rise to a sheet structure with alternating rows of organic cations and inorganic anions. Comparison of this structure with that of the pure amine reveals that the two compounds generate characteristically different sheet structures. The anion–anion chain serves as a template for the assembly of the cations, suggesting a possible application in the design of solid‐state materials.     

Host–Guest Chemistry: Oxoanion Recognition Based on Combined Charge‐Assisted C−H or Halogen‐Bonding Interactions and Anion⋅⋅⋅Anion Interactions Mediated by Hydrogen Bonds

Several bis‐triazolium‐based receptors have been synthesized and their anion‐recognition capabilities have been studied. The central chiral 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) core features either two aryl or ferrocenyl end‐capped side arms with central halogen‐ or hydrogen‐bonding triazolium receptors. NMR spectroscopic data indicate the simultaneous occurrence of several charge‐assisted aliphatic and heteroaromatic C?H noncovalent interactions and combinations of C?H hydrogen and halogen bonding. The receptors are able to selectively interact with HP₂O₇^3?, H₂PO₄^?, and SO₄^2? anions, and the value of the association constant follows the sequence: HP₂O₇^3?>SO₄^2?>H₂PO₄^?. The ferrocenyl end‐capped 7²⁺?2 BF₄ ^? receptor allows recognition and differentiation of H₂PO₄^? and HP₂O₇^3? anions by using different channels: H₂PO₄^? is selectively detected through absorption and emission methods and HP₂O₇^3? by using electrochemical techniques. Significant structural results are the observation of an anion???anion interaction in the solid state (2:2 complex, 6²⁺? [ H₂P₂O₇ ] ^2? ), and a short C?I???O contact is observed in the structure of the complex [ 8 ²⁺][SO₄]_0.5[BF₄].     

Towards a Molecular Understanding of Cation–Anion Interactions—Probing the Electronic Structure of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids by NMR Spectroscopy,X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations

Ten [C₈C₁Im]⁺ (1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium)‐based ionic liquids with anions Cl^?, Br^?, I^?, [NO₃]^?, [BF₄]^?, [TfO]^?, [PF₆]^?, [Tf₂N]^?, [Pf₂N]^?, and [FAP]^? (TfO=trifluoromethylsulfonate, Tf₂N=bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, Pf₂N=bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, FAP=tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate) and two [C₈C₁C₁Im]⁺ (1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐octylimidazolium)‐based ionic liquids with anions Br^? and [Tf₂N]^? were investigated by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. While ¹H NMR spectroscopy is found to probe very specifically the strongest hydrogen‐bond interaction between the hydrogen attached to the C² position and the anion, a comparative XPS study provides first direct experimental evidence for cation–anion charge‐transfer phenomena in ionic liquids as a function of the ionic liquid’s anion. These charge‐transfer effects are found to be surprisingly similar for [C₈C₁Im]⁺ and [C₈C₁C₁Im]⁺ salts of the same anion, which in combination with theoretical calculations leads to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding and charge transfer occur independently from each other, but are both more pronounced for small and more strongly coordinating anions, and are greatly reduced in the case of large and weakly coordinating anions.