液相合成超薄TiO2纳米片微结构影响因素研究

二维纳米结构二氧化钛由于表面活性位点剧增可带来光催化活性的显著提高.本文通过液相法在低温条件下合成大尺寸TiO₂纳米片,重点研究溶液中硝酸浓度、熟化温度和反应物浓度对其二维结构形成过程的影响.采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）表征样品的微观形态,并结合紫外-可见吸收光谱、X射线衍射谱（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和傅立叶变换红外光谱分析样品的微结构性质.采用光催化还原Cr （VI）作为指示反应,评估各制备参数对二氧化钛光催化性能的影响.结果表明,硝酸浓度为0.0217~0.0721 mol·L^-1的样品在0~4℃条件下胶溶及熟化时可得到具有显著量子尺寸效应的超薄锐钛矿型TiO₂纳米片;硝酸浓度过高引起样品晶型和形态的转变,过低导致胶溶时间延长;熟化温度超过4℃会破坏二维结构的形成;提高反应物中乙醇的用量有助于分散水解产物,促进胶溶和二维结构的形成进程.     

规整、均一纳米水滑石晶体的水热合成与表征

采用一种简便的新方法, 以Mg^2＋/Al^3＋/CO₃^2－摩尔比为6∶2∶1的比例在水热条件下合成了[Mg-Al-CO₃]水滑石. 获得的水滑石样品用XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, HRTEM, TG-DSC进行了物相、晶体形貌结构和热分析. 用动态光散射原理分析了粒度分布, 考察了水热合成的主要条件水热温度和时间对水滑石晶体尺寸及粒度分布的影响. 结果表明, 本法合成的水滑石具有均一、规整的六边形片状晶体形貌, 片状晶体直径在350 nm左右, 片的厚度约20 nm, 纯水滑石相, 粒度分布在80～420 nm. 水热温度和时间主要影响片状晶体的直径, 而对晶体形貌影响不大; 延长反应时间, 升高水热温度可使六边形晶片长大.     

磷酸铋纳米棒的可控合成及其光催化性能

采用水热法合成了形貌可控的磷酸铋纳米棒光催化剂,并以亚甲基蓝(MB)为探针研究了其光催化活性.利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)对产物进行了表征.研究发现甘油含量、水热时间、水热温度及前驱体浓度会影响磷酸铋纳米棒的形貌及结构.甘油含量和前驱体浓度主要影响产物形貌.随着甘油含量的增加,产物的长径比先增大后减小.前驱体浓度越低,所得BiPO4纳米棒的尺寸越小,长径比越大.水热时间短时,产物结晶度差,且为六方相,时间延长后转化为单斜相.水热温度过低或过高均不利于完美晶体的形成,160°C时产物的结晶度最高.实验结果表明:BiPO4纳米棒在紫外光下具有良好的光催化性能,其光催化活性受长径比和尺寸大小影响的总体趋势是长径比越大,尺寸越小,其光催化活性越强.结晶度对BiPO4的光催化性能影响较大,结晶度越高,其光催化活性越好.单斜相BiPO4的光催化活性较六方相的强.     

Bi2Ti2O7/TiO2/Bi4Ti3O12多异质结的构筑及其增强的可见光催化性能

以静电纺丝技术制备的TiO₂纳米纤维为基质,硝酸铋为铋源,KOH为矿化剂,成功制备了多异质结Bi₂Ti₂O₇/TiO₂/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂复合纳米纤维光催化剂。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等一系列表征,对其物相组成、微观形貌和光学性质等进行分析。结果表明：TiO₂纳米纤维的介入,将Ⅰ型异质结Bi₂Ti₂O₇/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂分离为2个Ⅱ型异质结Bi₂Ti₂O₇/TiO₂和Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂/TiO₂。Bi₂     

低银量掺杂TiO2纳米片薄膜的制备及其抗菌性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶和溶剂热两步法,在玻璃基底上垂直生长Ag-TiO₂纳米片薄膜.采用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS等对样品进行表征,研究了不同前躯体浓度对Ag-TiO₂纳米片生长的影响,并检测了Ag-TiO₂纳米片薄膜的抗菌性能.结果表明,所获得的低银量掺杂改性的二氧化钛纳米片薄膜在紫外灯照射和黑暗条件下,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均具有优异的抗菌性能.     

超声辅助提取/单颗粒电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定防晒化妆品中的纳米二氧化钛

建立了超声辅助提取/单颗粒电感耦合等离子体质谱(SP-ICP-MS)测定防晒化妆品中纳米TiO_2的方法。考察了停留时间、纳米粒子数量及浓度等分析条件,确定了防晒化妆品中纳米TiO_2的最佳萃取条件以及测定方法,对比了不同萃取溶剂对防晒霜中纳米TiO_2的提取效果。结果表明,在采用0. 1%Tritonx-100(Tx-100)以及5%乙醇作为萃取剂超声辅助提取,测定停留时间为3 ms,待测样品中纳米颗粒的数量浓度低于4×10~7个/mL条件下,该法可准确测定防晒化妆品中的纳米TiO_2,对防晒化妆品中纳米TiO_2的数量浓度检出限(LOD_(conc))为1×10~4个/mL,纳米颗粒粒度检出限(LOD_(size))为35 nm。方法简单快捷、灵敏度高、准确性良好,可同时对防晒化妆品中TiO_2进行浓度测定及粒度分布表征。     

锶掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜的制备及性能研究

以TiCl₄, 有机羧酸, NH₃•H₂O, Sr(OH)₂•8H₂O, D-山梨醇等为主要原料, 首先采用常温络合-控制水解新技术制备出平均粒径为6 nm的锶掺杂纳米TiO₂无色透明水溶胶, 再利用普通喷涂技术制备了纳米薄膜. 采用XRD, 纳米激光粒度分析仪, AFM, EDS, 紫外-可见分光光度计, 光学接触角测试仪等对样品的物相、粒径、组成、光吸收、光催化及亲水性等性质进行了表征, 同时对制备过程中的影响因素进行了研究. 结果表明, 当掺Sr量为1.8%, 回流时间为60 min时, 得到掺锶纳米TiO₂水溶胶所制薄膜的光催化性能最好, 在太阳光照射60 min后对浓度为50 mg/L的酸性红3R染料溶液的降解率达到99%, 薄膜样品的接触角为0.91°, 说明具有超亲水性.     

玻碳材料脉冲电沉积纳米晶体镍的制备及其性能研究

由于纳米晶体镍具有电催化甲醇的活性,本文采用双脉冲法在玻碳表面上电沉积制备了纳米晶体镍,并分析了脉冲条件对其晶粒尺寸的影响。电沉积的溶液组成为300 g·L^-1 NiSO₄·6H₂O,45 g·L^-1 NiCl₂·6H₂O,40 g·L^-1 H₃BO₃,5 g·L^-1 C₇H₅NO₃S,0.05 g·L^-1 C₁₂H₂₅NaO₄S,最优的脉冲工艺参数是脉冲平均电流密度为100 mA·cm^-2、脉冲占空比为30%,脉冲频率为100 Hz, pH为1.5、温度为55 ^oC。利用XRD、TEM、循环伏安以及电化学阻抗分析了纳米晶体镍的晶粒尺寸、结构及性能。制备的电沉积层致密均匀,为典型的面心立方结构,晶体镍的平均粒径在18 nm左右,玻碳材料表面上通过电沉积得到的纳米晶体镍在碱性环境下对甲醇具有良好的电催化活性。     

纳米多孔β-Li3PS4固体电解质的溶剂脱除法制备及性能

以Li₂S和P₂S₅为反应物, 四氢呋喃为溶剂, 采用溶剂脱除法制备了室温下稳定的高离子电导率β-Li₃PS₄晶体电解质, 通过粉末X射线衍射、 差热-热重分析、 拉曼光谱、 氮气吸附-脱吸和交流阻抗测试等方法对其性能进行表征, 研究了热处理温度对溶剂脱除程度、 固体电解质结晶状态、 比表面积、 孔隙率和离子电导率的影响. 结果表明, 该方法制备得到的β-Li₃PS₄晶体可以在室温下稳定存在. 160 ℃加热条件下Li₃PS₄的离子电导率达到7.44×10^-6 S/cm. 热处理过程中四氢呋喃分3个阶段脱除, 导致产物颗粒表面和内部产生大量纳米孔. 大量纳米孔洞的存在提高了材料的表面能, 有利于新相形核, 加快了相变速度, 降低了相变温度, 使β-Li₃PS₄晶体在室温下保持稳定.     

钾掺杂对钒酸钠纳米片储钠性能的影响

通过水热-热处理方法首次制备了K⁺离子掺杂的钒酸钠（Na₅V₁₂O₃₂）正极材料,对样品进行了TEM、XRD和XPS表征,详细研究了钾掺杂量对样品的结构和储钠性能的影响规律.TEM照片显示,合成的材料具有纳米片形貌.XRD/XPS谱图分析表明,K⁺离子掺杂在钒酸钠晶体的层间.恒流充放电测结果显示,当1 mol Na₅V₁₂O₃₂掺杂0.118 mol K⁺离子时,得到的Na₅K_0.118V₁₂O₃₂样品具有最佳的电化学性能：在1.5~4.0 V范围内,经过几次活化后,其于0.1C、0.2C、0.5C、1C、3C和10C倍率下的最大放电容量分别为169、160、148、132、98和69 mAh·g^-1;3C循环1000次后容量保持率为93.0%.研究结果表明,层间掺杂的K⁺离子不仅扩大了Na₅V₁₂O₃₂晶体的层间距,而且稳定了晶体的结构,从而显著改善了Na₅V₁₂O₃₂材料的倍率性能和循环性能.研究结果证明,适量K⁺离子掺杂的Na₅K_0.118V₁₂O₃₂纳米片有望发展为一种新型钠离子电池正极材料.     

Bi掺杂NaTaO3中Bi的化学价态对其光催化性能的影响

分别采用NaBiO3和Bi(NO3)3为Bi源制备了Bi掺杂NaTaO3光催化剂,研究了Bi离子的价态对NaTaO3光催化分解水制氢性能的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见吸收光谱研究了催化剂的晶体结构、Bi离子的化学状态和催化剂的光学吸收性能.以光催化分解水制氢反应研究了Bi离子掺杂NaTaO3的催化性能. XRD结果表明,对于两个不同Bi源掺杂的NaTaO3样品, Bi离子的掺杂没有改变催化剂的单斜相结构,但拉曼光谱证实Bi离子的掺杂致使Ta–O–Ta键角偏离了180o. XPS结果表明,以Bi(NO3)3为Bi源时, Bi离子以Bi3+掺杂于NaTaO3的A位;当以NaBiO3为原料时, Bi3+和Bi5+共掺杂于NaTaO3的A位.两种不同Bi源掺杂得到的样品在紫外-可见吸收光谱中给出了相似的光学吸收,但Bi3+的掺杂对NaTaO3光催化性能影响不大,而Bi3+和Bi5+共掺杂大大提高了NaTaO3的光解水制氢性能. Bi离子取代Na离子在A位的掺杂,在NaTaO3结构中引入了能够促进载流子分离的空位和缺陷;与此同时, Bi的掺杂导致Ta–O–Ta键角偏离180o而不利于载流子迁移.对于Bi3+掺杂的NaTaO3样品,这两种作用相互抵消,使得其催化性能与NaTaO3相比没有变化;而Bi3+和Bi5+的共掺杂和高价态Bi5+的掺杂引入了更多的空位和缺陷,提高了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,从而提高了光催化产氢性能.研究表明,光催化过程中载流子的迁移是影响催化性能的重要因素,而在ABO3钙钛矿结构的A位引入高价态离子是促进光生载流子分离的有效途径.     

钛酸铋系化合物的光催化性能研究

采用化学溶液分解法制备了钛酸铋化合物: Bi₁₂TiO₂₀, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂和Bi₂Ti₂O₇, 并采用XRD表征了其结构. 用TEM观察发现其平均粒径＞100 nm, UV-Vis漫反射谱测定显示它们在可见光区均呈现极强的吸收特征. 紫外光照射下甲基橙的光催化降解脱色实验表明, 三种钛酸铋化合物均具有较强的光催化活性, 其中, Bi₁₂TiO₂₀的光催化活性最强, 几乎与P-25相同. 钛酸铋化合物光催化性能的不同在于它们具有不同的晶相结构和电子结构.     

Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Zn,Cd and Pb at Bismuth Nanopowder Electrodes with Various Particle Size Distributions

Effect of particle size distribution on sensor characteristics of nano‐Bi fixed electrode has been investigated using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Bi nanopowders with various particle size distributions were synthesized by gas condensation (GC) method with the change of chamber pressure. As the chamber pressure decreased, the size of Bi nanopowder became smaller with narrower distribution due to a shorter residence time of Bi vapor. The square wave anodic stripping voltammograms (SWASV) showed well‐defined and highly reproducible peaks at ?1.2 V, ?0.8 V and ?0.6 V (vs. SCE), which are closely related to the oxidation of Zn, Cd and Pb, respectively. The sensitivity and detection limit of the nano‐Bi fixed electrode were quantitatively estimated from the analyses of SWASV. From the results, it is concluded that as the size of Bi nanopowder becomes smaller with narrower particle size distribution, the sensitivity and detection limit of sensor electrode for Zn, Cd and Pb are improved, which is ascribed to the increase in electrochemical‐active surface area.     

Comparative evaluation of two quantitative test methods for determining the efficacy of liquid sporicides and sterilants on a hard surface: a precollaborative study

Two quantitative carrier-based test methods for determining the efficacy of liquid sporicides and sterilants on a hard surface, the Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method-ASTM E 2111-00 and an adaptation of a quantitative micro-method as reported by Sagripanti and Bonifacino, were compared in this study. The methods were selected based on their desirable characteristics (e.g., well-developed protocol, previous use with spores, fully quantitative, and use of readily available equipment) for testing liquid sporicides and sterilants on a hard surface. In this paper, the Sagripanti-Bonifacino procedure is referred to as the Three Step Method (TSM). AOAC Official Method 966.04 was included in this study as a reference method. Three laboratories participated in the evaluation. Three chemical treatments were tested: (1) 3000 ppm sodium hypochlorite with pH adjusted to 7.0, (2) a hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid product, and (3) 3000 ppm sodium hypochlorite with pH unadjusted (pH of approximately 10.0). A fourth treatment, 6000 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution with pH adjusted to 7.0, was included only for Method 966.04 as a positive control (high level of efficacy). The contact time was 10 min for all chemical treatments except the 6000 ppm sodium hypochlorite treatment which was tested at 30 min. Each chemical treatment was tested 3 times using each of the methods. Only 2 of the laboratories performed the AOAC method. Method performance was assessed by the within-laboratory variance, between-laboratory variance, and total variance associated with the log reduction (LR) estimates generated by each quantitative method. The quantitative methods performed similarly, and the LR values generated by each method were not statistically different for the 3 treatments evaluated. Based on feedback from the participating laboratories, compared to the TSM, ASTM E 2111-00 was more resource demanding and required more set-up time. The logistical and resource concerns identified for ASTM E 2111-00 were largely associated with the filtration process and counting bacterial colonies on filters. Thus, the TSM was determined to be the most suitable method.     

Carbonylchromium derivatives of bismuth: new syntheses and relevance to cbond;o activation

We have discovered a series of novel pentacarbonylchromium derivatives of bismuth from the reactions of NaBiO(3) with [Cr(CO)(6)] in KOH/MeOH solutions. When the reaction was carried out at room temperature, the highly charged [Bi[Cr(CO)(5)](4)](3-) (1) was obtained, whose structure was shown by X-ray analysis to possess a central bismuth atom tetrahedrally coordinated to four [Cr(CO)(5)] groups. As the reaction was heated at 80 degrees C, the methyl-substituted complex [MeBi[Cr(CO)(5)](3)](2-)(2) was obtained, presumably via the CbondO activation of MeOH. Further reactions of 1 with CH(2)Cl(2) or CHtbondCCH(2)Br form the halo-substituted complexes [XBi[Cr(CO)(5)](3)](2-)(X=Cl, 3; Br, 4), respectively. On the other hand, the reactions of 1 with RI (R=Me, Et) led to the formation of the alkyl-substituted complexes [RBi[Cr(CO)(5)](3)](2-)(R=Me, 2; Et). The formation of complexes 1-4 is discussed, presumably via the intermediate bismuthinidene [Bi[Cr(CO)(5)](3)](-) or the trianion [Bi[Cr(CO)(5)](3)](3-).     

Liquid chromatographic determination of penicillins by postcolumn degradation with sodium hypochlorite using an hollow-fibre membrane reactor

A sensitive, high-performance liquid chromatographic method involving postcolumn degradation with sodium hypochlorite and using a hollow-fibre membrane as a reactor is described for the determination of penicillins. Penicillins were separated on a C18 column followed by postcolumn reaction with sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide using aminated and sulphonated hollow-fibre membrane reactors immersed in each solution, and detected at 270-280 nm based on the UV absorbances of the degradation products. At penicillin concentrations of 2 micrograms/ml, the precisions (relative standard deviation) were 2.28-4.78%. The detection limits of the proposed method were 2.5-25 ng for each penicillin at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Ampicillin and its metabolites [(5R,6R)-ampicilloic acid, the (5S,6R)-epimer and (2R)-pierazine-2',5'-dione] in human serum and urine were simultaneously determined by this method.     

Hydrothermal Preparation and Oxygen Storage Capacity of Nano CeO2-based Materials

"catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The X-ray diffraction result showed that the averageparticle size was in the range of 11-12 nm, which was correspondence to the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy result that the average particle size was about 12 nm. The specific surface area of the NiO-CeO2 binary compounds was in the range of 54-75 m2/g. Also the average particle size of the Bi2O3-CeO2 binary compounds was in the range of 8-11 nm. The oxygen storage capacity of the NiO-CeO2 and Bi2O3-CeO2 binary compounds was investigated under reduction and oxidation conditions. When the Ni and Bi concentration in CeO2 was up to 30%, the OSC values reached 2465 and 2560 1molO/g separately, which indicated that NiO and Bi2O3 compounded CeO2 materials have fine catalysis activity than other cations doped CeO2-based materials and appear to be very promising for practical applications such as OSC materials"     

Effect of sodium citrate on preparation of nano-sized cobalt particles by organic colloidal process

Nano-sized cobalt particles with the diameter of 2 nm were prepared via an organic colloidal process with sodium formate, ethylene glycol and sodium citrate as the reducing agent, the solvent and the complexing agent, respectively. The effects of sodium citrate on the yield, crystal structure, particle size and size distribution of the prepared nano-sized cobalt particles were then investigated. The results show that the average particle diameter decreases from 200 nm to 2 nm when the molar ratio of sodium citrate to cobalt chloride changes from 0 to 6. Furthermore, sodium citrate plays a crucial role in the controlling of size distribution of the nano-sized particles. The size distribution of the particle without sodium citrate addition is in range from tens of nanometers to 300 or 400 nm, while that with sodium citrate addition is limited in the range of (2±0.25) nm. Moreover, it is found that the addition of sodium citrate as a complex agent could decrease the yield of the nano-sized cobalt particle. __________ Translated from Journal of South China University of Technology, 2008, 36(3) (in Chinese)     

紫外辐照法合成单分散钨酸纳米颗粒

通过紫外光照射柠檬酸钨氧配合物水溶液,制备了平均粒径约为20 nm的单分散钨酸纳米颗粒。红外光谱研究表明,柠檬酸钨氧配合物在紫外光照射下发生分解,形成柠檬酸和钨酸,而柠檬酸在钨酸的催化作用下发生光降解。XRD结果表明,单分散钨酸纳米颗粒是由WO₃·2H₂O和WO₃·H₂O组成的。此外,还考察了光照时间以及柠檬酸与钨酸钠的物质的量之比(n_cit/n_st)对产物结构和形貌的影响。随着光照时间延长,产物中WO₃·2H₂O的含量降低而WO₃·H₂O含量升高,产物粒径增大且分布加宽;随着n_cit/n_st增加,产物中WO₃·2H₂O含量增高,而WO₃·H₂O含量降低,且产物粒径变小而粒径分布变窄。     

A synthesis of N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl O-ethyl thiocarbamates from diethyl dixanthogenate using different oxidants

Abstract  

A novel synthesis of N-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl O-ethyl thiocarbamates from diethyl dixanthogenate and primary and secondary amines, using three oxidizing systems, has been developed on the laboratory scale, and the method using sodium hypochlorite has been applied on a semi-industrial scale. The effect of the oxidizing agents, sodium hypochlorite, in-situ-generated peracetic acid, and the manganese(II) acetate/oxygen system on product purity and yield was studied. The results obtained by use of these three methods were compared with those obtained by reaction of sodium ethyl xanthogenacetate and amines, and of sodium ethyl xanthate with amines in the presence of sulfated nickel zeolite catalyst. The reaction mechanism of sodium hypochlorite oxidation has been established on the basis of isolation of reaction intermediates and determination of their structure by use of Fourier-transform infrared, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and mass spectrometric methods. The suggested sodium hypochlorite and manganese(II) acetate/oxygen systems have many advantages in comparison with commercial and catalytically promoted synthetic methods, because they are new ecologically friendly syntheses.