固相微萃取-气相色谱联用技术测定芒果原浆中乙烯利的残留量

利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC)和乙烯利在碱性介质中快速分解成乙烯的特性,以75μm Carboxen-聚二甲基硅氧烷(CAR/PDMS)萃取头分析芒果原浆中乙烯利的残留量,并对反应碱液浓度、反应温度和时间、萃取吸附和解吸时间进行了探讨.该方法相对标准偏差为1.6%～7.4%,回收率86.3%～105.0%.     

高分子光伏材料聚对苯乙烯撑-喹喔啉共聚物的合成与光学性能研究

高分子光伏材料聚对苯撑乙烯撑(PPV)由于低廉的价格, 容易加工的性能与可调的光学性能, 有可能成为新一代太阳能材料. 然而PPV较宽的带隙阻碍了PPV太阳能电池效率进一步提高. 合成了一种较低带隙的新型高分子光伏材料 PPV-PQ. 用NMR, FT-IR, 元素分析, GPC和TGA与循环伏安法对PPV-PQ进行了结构表征与性能检测, 并对它在氯仿溶液与固态薄膜下的紫外-可见吸收与荧光发射光谱进行了研究. 结果显示, 由于在固态下存在较强的分子间作用, 分子链的共平面性增加, 所以PPV-PQ无论是紫外-可见吸收, 还是荧光发射光谱, 在固态薄膜下都比在氯仿溶液里发生明显红移. 即使在浓溶液中, 分子链间也存在较强的作用力, 使得PPV-PQ荧光发射峰随溶液浓度的增加而发生红移. 紫外-可见光谱显示, PPV-PQ由于大体积的吸电子单元引起了较大的空间位阻, 最大吸收峰比PPV稍微蓝移, 但吸收却比PPV向长波延展, 带隙比PPV低, 只有1.92 eV. 循环伏安法结果表明PPV-PQ与PCBM两者的LUMO之间有足够的能量差异, 加上PPV-PQ与富勒烯衍生物C117共混物薄膜发生荧光猝灭, 都说明PPV-PQ上光激发电子能够转移到富勒烯衍生物上. 因此, PPV-PQ可以用作高分子光伏材料.     

新型碳纳米复合材料实现太阳能化学储热

<正>开发新型太阳能热存储材料已成为探索太阳能高效利用的重要基础。近日,天津大学材料学院封伟教授带领的团队,通过化学结构设计,制备了具有高效光伏化学储热特性的偶氮苯/石墨烯复合材料,克服了传统光伏储热材料与技术存在存储密度低和装置体积庞大等局限性,为实现高密度、长效循环的太阳能储热提供了可能。该成果日前刊发在自然(Nature)出版集团旗下期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Reports)上。,,     

噻唑乙烯类聚合物的设计合成及其聚集态结构表征

聚噻吩(PTs)是有机太阳能电池(OSCs)中很有前途的电子给体材料,但其较高的分子能级和不利的活性层形貌限制了其光伏器件性能的提升。在聚噻吩乙烯（PTVT-T）结构的基础上引入噻唑单元,设计合成了一种新型聚噻唑乙烯类材料(PTzV-T)。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、电化学循环伏安法以及二维掠入射广角X射线散射等对PTzV-T的能级结构和聚集态结构进行了表征。结果表明：PTzV-T不仅具有较低的最高占据分子轨道（HOMO）能级（-5.88 eV）,而且呈现出高度的分子平面性;在溶剂氯仿、氯苯和邻二甲苯中均表现出不同的预聚集行为和温度依赖性,采用这3种溶剂制备的薄膜也呈现出不同的晶体堆积方式和结晶强度。     

钙钛矿光伏电池封装材料与工艺研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池作为第3代新概念太阳能电池,具有高光电转换效率、低成本和可柔性加工等优点,近年来发展迅速,其光电转换效率从一开始的3.8%增长到近期的25.5%,逐渐比肩硅电池,已接近商业化应用水平。目前,实现钙钛矿太阳能电池产业应用的关键环节在于电池封装,它不仅可以解决钙钛矿光伏器件稳定性问题,还可以实现电池安全、环保和延长使用寿命等要求。结合近十几年来钙钛矿光伏电池封装材料和封装工艺两方面的发展现状,文中介绍了钙钛矿电池封装领域取得的成果和存在的不足,讨论了目前现有封装技术的优缺点,以及它们适用的不同器件类型。着重在不同温度湿度条件下,比较了不同封装材料性能、封装工艺条件对钙钛矿电池效率及稳定性的影响,归纳出影响钙钛矿电池薄膜封装效果的3个关键因素： 聚合物的弹性模量、水蒸气透过率、加工温度。比较了不同聚合物薄膜封装材料适宜的加工温度、优缺点及加工成本。可以看出,随着钙钛矿光伏电池工业化需求的强烈增长和人们对其封装材料研究的不断深入,研究适合大面积生产和光伏建筑一体化的新型功能聚合物封装材料将是必然趋势。     

单茂钪催化乙烯与苯乙烯衍生物共聚合的研究

以(C5Me4Si Me3)Sc(CH2C6H4NMe2-o)2和[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]组成的单茂钪催化体系,考察了其催化不同取代基团苯乙烯衍生物均聚合以及与乙烯共聚合的性能.结果表明单茂钪催化体系可以催化对甲基苯乙烯和对乙烯苯基二甲基硅烷均聚合,高活性(106g聚合物(mol Sc)-1h-1)地获得高间规聚合物;催化二乙烯基苯和乙烯苯基-1-丁烯聚合会发生不同程度的交联反应.在1.01×105Pa乙烯压力下,单茂钪催化体系分别催化对甲基苯乙烯、对乙烯苯基二甲基硅烷与乙烯与共聚合,获得了组成和分子量可控的乙烯/对甲基苯乙烯、乙烯/对乙烯苯基二甲基硅烷共聚物,共聚合活性高达106g聚合物(mol Sc)-1h-1.通过1H-NMR、13CNMR、GPC和DSC对共聚物组成、结构和热性能进行了分析表征.结果表明,在1.01×105Pa乙烯压力下改变苯乙烯衍生物的用量,共聚物中对甲基苯乙烯或对乙烯苯基二甲基硅烷的摩尔含量可以在8 mol%~55 mol%间调控,共聚物含有间规聚对甲基苯乙烯嵌段或间规聚对乙烯苯基二甲基硅烷嵌段、聚乙烯嵌段和乙烯-苯乙烯衍生物的链接序列,共聚物分子量(Mn)可以在3×104~16×104间调控,共聚物具有约127℃的熔点.     

丙烯-乙烯共聚物/乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物层状复合材料的力学性能研究

利用自主设计的一套可进行微层共挤出的口模,分别制备了2层、16层、32层和64层丙烯-乙烯共聚物(PPE)/乙烯-1-辛烯共聚物(POE)交替层状复合材料。研究了制得的层状复合材料的应力-应变行为,利用等效盒子模型(equivalent box model)描述了层状复合材料与相应的常规PPE/POE共混材料力学行为的区别.通过对共挤出材料和共混材料的拉伸数据进行分析后发现,具有层状结构特别是多层结构的共挤出材料具有比共混材料更为优异的屈服和断裂伸长性能.     

P^N^P三齿铬配合物合成和结构及其催化乙烯齐聚与聚合

合成了系列的2-(二苯基膦)-N-[2-(二芳基膦)亚苄基]苯胺(P^N^P)和2-(二苯基膦)-N-[2-(二芳基膦)苄基]苯胺(P^N^P)铬(Ⅲ)配合物,经过元素分析和光谱分析进行了表征,并使用X射线单晶测试确定两类铬(Ⅲ)配合物都具有六配位的变形八面体构型.在MAO或AlEtCl2作用下,这些铬配合物可高活性地催化乙烯齐聚或聚合,其催化乙烯反应特征依赖于配体中桥联胺的键联形式.2-(二苯基膦)-N-[2-(二芳基膦)亚苄基]苯胺铬配合物1a～1e催化乙烯聚合,无齐聚物生成;而2-(二苯基膦)-N-[2-(二芳基膦)苄基]苯亚胺铬配合物2a～2e表现出较高的乙烯三聚选择性.     

乙烯在Ru(1010)表面价带电子特性研究

在200K以下乙烯(C2H4)可以在Ru(1010)表面上以分子状态稳定吸附,200K以上乙烯发生了脱氢分解反应生成乙炔(C2H2).乙烯分解生成乙炔后,σCC和σCH分子轨道能级向高结合能方向分别移动了0.5和1.1 eV.偏振角分辨紫外光电子谱(ARUPS)结果表明:在Ru(1010)表面上,乙烯和脱氢反应后生成的乙炔分子的C-C键轴都不平行于表面,而是沿表面(0001)晶向倾斜.     

过渡金属乙烯齐聚与聚合催化剂研究进展

综述了近年来过渡金属配合物催化乙烯齐聚与聚合的最新进展;介绍了乙烯齐聚或聚合的反应时间、反应温度、乙烯压力、助催化剂用量等反应条件及配体上不同取代基对前过渡金属(铬,锆,钛,钒)和后过渡金属(铁,钴,镍,铜)配合物的催化活性和齐聚或聚合产物的影响;分别以钛和镍配合物催化剂为例,介绍了前过渡金属和后过渡金属催化乙烯齐聚或聚合的机理。     

A comparative study of calorimetric methods to determine the crosslinking degree of the ethylene‐Co‐vinyl acetate polymer used as a photovoltaic encapsulant

EVA copolymer foils are widely used as encapsulants for photovoltaic (PV) cells in PV modules. These foils need to be crosslinked during module manufacturing, to enhance their properties. Accurate and reliable methods for the determination of their crosslinking degree are thus very important. In this work, two semi‐empirical calorimetric methods are considered and compared to a scientifically sound rheological method used as a reference. The main purpose of this work is to reveal the chemical and physical fundamentals on which the two calorimetric methods are based, to allow for a scientific understanding of their advantages, and limitations. For one of these calorimetric methods, the so‐called “Melt‐Freeze” method, we have sought for a deeper understanding of the underlying crystallization physics through the use of successive self‐nucleation and annealing experiments, which give access to the crystallite size distribution of EVA, and to the influence of crosslinking upon it. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55, 866–876     

Thermal expansion behavior of solar cell encapsulation materials

The object of this paper is to determine the thermal expansion behavior of nine different encapsulants in order to identify possible deficiencies in production processes and allow for the optimization of the process parameters. High dimensional stability of the encapsulant is of great importance in photovoltaic (PV) module production to avoid problems during lamination and/or in application. For this purpose, the samples were heated twice in a thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA) in tensile mode, and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) over temperature was evaluated. To get additional information about transition temperatures of the encapsulants, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were made. The TMA results for most samples showed anisotropic behavior which was eliminated after the first heating run. Three samples showed shrinkage with subsequent increased thermal expansion as well as anisotropic behavior. It could be shown that knowing the thermal expansion behavior of the solar cell encapsulants is highly relevant for the PV module lamination process, and Thermo-Mechanical Analysis proved to be a suitable method to evaluate and also for quality control of solar cell encapsulation films.     

Thermal analysis of water-cooled photovoltaic cell by applying computational fluid dynamics

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Photovoltaic (PV) modules are used for producing electricity in different scales. The efficiency of these modules is highly dependent on their...     

Effects of peak anomalies with the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of reservoirs during serial injection on a capillary electrophoresis microchip

Several anomalies, e.g., in peak shape, migration time, and baseline drift, all due to pressure-driven backflow, were previously reported to occur during serial injection on capillary electrophoresis (CE) chips. Since these anomalies were worse for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchips than for glass microchips, reproducible data on PDMS microchips were difficult to obtain. In this paper, we found that these problems were affected by the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the reservoirs on the microchip and demonstrated that these anomalies were reduced by converting the hydrophobic properties of the reservoirs on the PDMS microchip into hydrophilic ones. Thus, compared with hydrophobic reservoirs, hydrophilic reservoirs were suitable for the formation of a stable plug. Several chip designs were suggested to reduce these pressure-driven backflows.     

Lithographic patterning on polydimethylsiloxane surfaces using polydimethylglutarimide

We present a method for high fidelity lithographic patterning on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces employing traditional cleanroom equipment and commercially available materials that overcomes previous problems in PDMS processing. To illustrate this method, an electrostatically actuated microfluidic pump and rectangular diffraction gratings were fabricated on PDMS.     

A fundamental study of organofunctionalised PDMS membranes for the pervaporative recovery of phenolic compounds from aqueous streams

Modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite membranes in which a known mol% of the SiMe groups were replaced by a short methylene spacer group terminated by one of the four side-arm functional groups, acetate, ---CO₂Me; ethylether, OEt; dimethylamino, ---NMe₂; and pyridyl, ---py; were fabricated and tested in short term trials for the pervaporative recovery of cresols from aqueous solution. The influences of functional group type, functional group loading, pH, temperature and purity of the feed solution were investigated. Three commercially available hydrophobic membranes were also examined for comparison. It was found that significant performance enhancements, compared with an unfunctionalised PDMS membrane, were realised for all functionalised PDMS membranes, with dimethylamino and ethylether functionalities proving the most effective. A functional group loading level close to 20% was found to be optimal for this application, The influence of feed pH in the range of 5–8.5 was small on total flux but significant on selectivity for amine loaded membranes. By contrast, the effect of feed temperature was significant on total flux but negligible on selectivity. Low levels of phenolic impurities in a p-cresol feed solution were found to have negligible effect on the separation. Compared with commercially available zeolite filled PDMS and PEBA membranes, the functionalised PDMS membranes showed a better overall performance. The PV performance of all new membranes followed the trend: o-cresol>p-cresol>phenol.     

Using PDMS coated TFC-RO membranes for CO2/N2 gas separation: Experimental study,modeling and optimization

Thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are semipermeable membranes that are utilized in water purification or water desalination systems. Discarding these membranes after end-of-life leads to environmental problems. Reusing old TFC-RO membranes is one way to solve this problem. For this reason, in this study, used TFC-RO membranes were coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for CO₂/N₂ gas separation application. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was utilized to confirm the crosslinking of coated PDMS. The morphology of PDMS/TFC-RO membranes was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters that can affect performance of prepared membranes (N₂ permeance and CO₂/N₂ selectivity) are concentration of PDMS solution, coating time, solvent evaporation time and curing temperature and time. Given that the used membranes don't have uniform surfaces, the first step of this study was to investigate the effect of the above mentioned factors on virgin membranes using fractional factorial design (FFD) of experiments. The results obtained showed that PDMS concentration is the most significant factor that has a negative effect on N₂ permeance and positive effect on CO₂/N₂ selectivity. The reported CO₂/N₂ selectivity of PDMS membranes was 11–12, but this selectivity for prepared PDMS/TFC-RO membranes was in the range of 6.7–22.5. After determining optimum conditions, the gas separation performance of PDMS coated used TFC-RO membrane under these conditions was finally determined. The results showed that the used membranes had a better performance than virgin membranes.     

Polydimethylsiloxane connection for quartz microchips in a high-pressure system.

An interconnecting technique, the "PDMS connection method", for quartz microchips in a high-pressure system is presented. The connection between quartz microchips is an essential technology for modular microfluidic devices, such as microchip-HPLC. PDMS was applied to the seal material, being spread on the seal side of the chips, and set into the metal housing. The characteristics of the PDMS connection method concerning pressure resistance and the extension of the peak were examined. The experimental results showed a good seal at 5 MPa, which seem to be sufficient for realizing microchip-HPLC utilizing a monolithic silica capillary column as a separation medium. The influence of the extra column effect on chromatographic separation was almost the same as in the case using a commercial union fitting. In addition, the PDMS connection enabled the detachability of chip-based modules with user-friendliness. Our experimental findings suggest that the novel PDMS connection method can possibly be applied as a generic technology in high-pressure microTAS.     

Removal of volatile organic components (VOCs) from water by pervaporation: separation improvement by Dean vortices

Dense polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hollow-fibre membrane modules built in straight and coiled configurations were studied in pervaporation for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal. Two different aqueous organic mixtures, n-butanol–water and chloroform–water, were investigated to determine how the permeate fluxes are affected by the module geometry. Data with chloroform–water mixtures of 0.1 and 0.05 wt% chloroform revealed that, in the laminar regime, coiled modules show improved chloroform mass transfer compared to conventional modules where straight hollow-fibre membranes are aligned in parallel. The improvement factor increases with the Reynolds number to reach a value of 2.3 at N_Re=2000. In the conventional and helical designs, with a calculated diffusion coefficient, the results are lower than those given by the Lévêque equation and the mass transfer correlation previously found for water oxygenation respectively. With an apparent diffusion coefficient, these experimental values are consistent with these two equations.     

A simplified method for capillary embedment into microfluidic devices - exemplified by sol-gel-based preconcentration

We here describe an alternative method of embedding functionalized capillaries into microdevices fabricated in PDMS. The capillaries have square-shaped outer dimensions and fit into elastic PDMS channel networks of similar dimensions. By modifying the capillary off-chip, the technique makes it possible to integrate a new chip function without risking contamination of already existing chemically patterned areas because of new reagent solutions. Leak-free insertion of these capillaries has earlier been reported, where a thin layer of uncured PDMS bonded the capillary to the microchannel and the lid structure. In this new approach, oxygen plasma is used to bond the square capillary to the PDMS, eliminating the risk of clogging the microsystem with uncured prepolymer. The new embedding technique was exemplified and evaluated by inserting a square capillary piece containing monolithic sol-gel for sample preconcentration application. The assembled microdevice was run with mass spectrometric detection, showing that peptides were preconcentrated without leakage from either the sol-gel itself or around the inserted capillary. Repeated preconcentration runs showed migration times better than 3% for all peptides. We believe that the presented microchip assembling technique greatly simplifies the insertion of functionalized capillary pieces, e.g., an initial preconcentrator to a PDMS device containing other downstream modules.