NH4+交换度对 CuY催化剂上甲醇氧化羰基化反应性能的影响

碳酸二甲酯(DMC)是一种应用极其广泛的绿色化工产品,其中经济、绿色的甲醇氧化羰基化合成 DMC工艺极具工业前景,而 Y分子筛负载铜(CuY)是有效催化剂之一.众所周知, CuY催化剂上的 Cu+是催化活性中心. Cu+催化活性中心的引入方式用两种：(1) CuCl直接与 HY分子筛固相离子交换;(2) Cu2+与 NaY分子筛溶液离子交换,然后 Cu2+自还原生成活性中心 Cu+.在无溶剂条件下制备 CuY催化剂时,载体 HY分子筛中的可交换位 H+量是决定催化剂 CuY氧化羰基化催化性能的关键因素.文献通过以不同硅铝比的 HY分子筛为载体制备的催化剂 CuY,研究铜离子可交换位 H+量对氧化羰基化的影响,然而,硅铝比的不同也直接影响了分子筛骨架的组成、Si–O–Al的键角、甚至影响了 Al3+的分散度,这些因素都直接影响了 CuY催化剂活性.因此,研究 NaNH4Y分子筛载体中的可交换位(NH4+)的量与 CuY催化剂活性间的关系具有非常重要的意义.本文将 NaY分子筛与不同浓度的 NH4NO3溶液进行离子交换,制得具有不同 NH4+交换度的 NaNH4Y分子筛,以其为载体,以具有易升华、易分解性质的乙酰丙酮铜 Cu(acac)2为铜源,在无溶剂条件下,高温热处理二者固相混合物, NaNH4Y 分子筛中的 NH4+与 Cu(acac)2中的 Cu2+发生了离子交换, Cu2+进一步发生自还原生成活性中心 Cu+,成功地制备了完全无氯的 CuY催化剂,应用于催化常压甲醇氧化羰基化合成 DMC过程,研究 NaNH4Y分子筛中的铜离子可交换位 NH4+与催化剂 CuY催化性能间的关系.通过各种表征及对 CuY催化剂在甲醇氧化羰基化过程中催化活性分析发现, Y分子筛经过 NH4NO3溶液离子交换及催化剂的制备过程,其八面沸石结构和孔道保持良好.以未经过离子交换的 NaY负载的 CuY催化剂上的铜物种完全以 CuO形式存在,且没有催化活性.随着 NH4+交换度增加, CuY催化剂表面 CuO含量逐渐降低,而活性中心 Cu+含量逐渐增加,且其催化活性也随之增加.当 NH4+交换度趋于极限值时, CuY催化剂中 Cu+含量达最大,其催化活性也达最佳, DMC的时空收率和选择性分别为267.3 mg/(g·h)和68.5%,甲醇转化率为6.9%.因此,无溶剂条件下,以 NaNH4Y分子筛为载体, Cu(acac)2为铜源,制备完全无氯 CuY催化剂时, NH4+是形成 Cu+活性中心的必须条件,且 NH4+交换度直接影响催化剂 CuY的催化活性.     

高活性甲醇氧化羰基化CuY催化剂的结构及催化活性中心

采用硝酸铜溶液和NaY分子筛溶液离子交换制备了CuY催化剂,通过加入氨水提高交换溶液的pH值以及高温焙烧活化,显著提高了甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性,与固相离子交换、沉积和浸渍法制备的催化剂相比,虽负载的铜量较低,但催化活性较高. 通过元素分析、XRD、H2-TPR、XPS和AES等对CuY催化剂微观结构的表征表明,在Cu(NO3)2离子交换溶液中加入氨水,促进了Cu2+离子交换的进行,提高了CuY催化剂的Cu交换量,并且交换的Cu2+主要落位于分子筛的超笼中. 在惰性气氛中焙烧活化CuY催化剂,Cu2+自还原为Cu+,氨促进了自还原过程的进行,显著提高了催化剂的活性. 焙烧活化温度越高,越有利于超笼中Cu2+→Cu+的自还原过程,使超笼中Cu+的含量增加, CuY催化活性增加. 进一步研究表明Y分子筛超笼中的Cu+是主要的催化活性中心.     

环己烯对噻吩在CuY分子筛上吸附的影响机制（英文）

利用液相离子交换法制备了CuY分子筛,并用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对Cu元素进行了价态表征,用原位傅里叶转换红外(in-situ FTIR)和氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)技术对其进行了酸性表征。同时,以噻吩和环己烯为探针分子,Cu Y分子筛为吸附剂,研究了环己烯对噻吩在CuY分子筛B酸中心上吸附的影响机制。实验结果显示,CuY分子筛表层的Cu离子主要以Cu~+为主,其表面酸性主要由中强B酸和L酸组成。与稀土离子不同的是,铜离子的存在抑制了噻吩或环己烯在B酸中心上的聚合反应。因此,环己烯主要通过与噻吩的竞争吸附影响噻吩在CuY分子筛B酸性位上的吸附。     

NaY分子筛的改性及吸附脱氮性能

采用离子交换法用NH⁺₄、Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Cr³⁺阳离子改性NaY分子筛,并利用XRD、FT-IR和低温N₂吸附-脱附等方法对改性的分子筛进行了表征。XRD 和FT-IR表征结果表明,改性后的分子筛骨架完好。Cr改性Y分子筛(CrY)的比表面积、孔体积及平均孔径均较小,但存在部分介孔。研究了改性分子筛对含喹啉模拟燃料的吸附脱氮,喹啉分子尺寸的模拟结果为0.711 6 nm×0.500 2 nm,说明其并不易进入Y型分子筛0.74 nm的微孔。吸附脱氮结果表明,CrY的脱氮效果最好,CuY和ZnY次之,NH₄Y效果最差,改性分子筛的吸附脱氮性能与金属离子的价态有关,同价金属离子改性后的分子筛,吸附时间对其影响趋势相同,且金属离子价态越高,改性分子筛的吸附脱氮性能越好。吸附温度对CrY和NH₄Y分子筛吸附脱除喹啉的影响不大,可在室温下使用,但高温有利于CuY和ZnY吸附脱氮。XRD表征结果表明,焙烧后CrY分子筛骨架已完全塌陷失去了绝大部分吸附脱氮性能。     

铜离子在CuLaHY分子筛中的分布与吸附脱硫性能

在空气气氛中采用等体积浸渍法制备了具有不同Cu担载量的CuLaHY分子筛吸附剂, 并用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对分子筛吸附剂进行了表征. 通过多晶XRD确定了Cu2+及La3+离子在Y型分子筛笼内的结构与分布, 并测定了分子筛吸附剂在含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的模拟柴油中的吸附脱硫性能. 结果表明, 前驱体CuCl2中的大部分Cu物种与LaHY分子筛进行了离子交换, 进入分子筛笼内, 极少部分Cu物种以CuCl形式高度分散在Y型分子筛的笼中. La3+离子及进入Y型分子筛笼中的部分Cu2+离子处于茁笼的SI'位, 而另一部分Cu2+离子与骨架氧和水分子配位, 并牢固地定位于Y型分子筛超笼中的SII及SIII位上. 处于超笼中SII及SIII位上的Cu2+离子对模拟柴油中的DBT分子具有吸附作用, 成为吸附脱硫的中心. 当模拟柴油中有萘存在时, 与DBT分子会产生竞争吸附.     

CuHY分子筛中铜离子的分布与吸附脱硫性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备具有不同Cu担载量的CuHY 分子筛吸附剂. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)和氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)技术对分子筛吸附剂进行了表征, 并测定了CuHY 分子筛吸附剂在含二苯并噻吩(DBT)模拟柴油中的吸附脱硫性能; 通过多晶XRD确定了Cu2+在Cu8HY 分子筛笼内的结构与分布. 实验结果表明, 分子筛的骨架结构没有发生改变, 部分Cu2+进入Y型分子筛笼内, 分子筛样品强酸中心有所减少, 中强酸中心有所增加; 进入Y型分子筛笼内的Cu2+, 一部分处于β 笼的SI' 位, 另一部分位于分子筛超笼中的SIII位上, 并与笼内的水分子配位. 处于超笼中的SⅢ位Cu2+对模拟柴油中的DBT分子具有吸附作用, 是吸附脱硫的中心. 而当模拟柴油中存在萘时, 与DBT分子会产生竞争吸附.     

NH_4~+交换度对CuY催化剂上甲醇氧化羰基化反应性能的影响（英文）

碳酸二甲酯(DMC)是一种应用极其广泛的绿色化工产品,其中经济、绿色的甲醇氧化羰基化合成DMC工艺极具工业前景,而Y分子筛负载铜(CuY)是有效催化剂之一.众所周知,CuY催化剂上的Cu~(+)是催化活性中心.Cu~(+)催化活性中心的引入方式用两种:(1)CuCl直接与HY分子筛固相离子交换;(2)Cu~(2+)与NaY分子筛溶液离子交换,然后Cu~(2+)自还原生成活性中心Cu~(+).在无溶剂条件下制备CuY催化剂时,载体HY分子筛中的可交换位H+量是决定催化剂CuY氧化羰基化催化性能的关键因素.文献通过以不同硅铝比的HY分子筛为载体制备的催化剂CuY,研究铜离子可交换位H+量对氧化羰基化的影响,然而,硅铝比的不同也直接影响了分子筛骨架的组成、Si–O–Al的键角、甚至影响了Al~(3+)的分散度,这些因素都直接影响了CuY催化剂活性.因此,研究NaNH_4Y分子筛载体中的可交换位(NH_4~+)的量与CuY催化剂活性间的关系具有非常重要的意义.本文将NaY分子筛与不同浓度的NH_4NO_3溶液进行离子交换,制得具有不同NH+4交换度的NaNH_4Y分子筛,以其为载体,以具有易升华、易分解性质的乙酰丙酮铜Cu(acac)2为铜源,在无溶剂条件下,高温热处理二者固相混合物,NaNH_4Y分子筛中的NH_4~+与Cu(acac)_2中的Cu~(2+)发生了离子交换,Cu~(2+)进一步发生自还原生成活性中心Cu~(+),成功地制备了完全无氯的CuY催化剂,应用于催化常压甲醇氧化羰基化合成DMC过程,研究NaNH_4Y分子筛中的铜离子可交换位NH_4~+与催化剂CuY催化性能间的关系.通过各种表征及对CuY催化剂在甲醇氧化羰基化过程中催化活性分析发现,Y分子筛经过NH_4NO_3溶液离子交换及催化剂的制备过程,其八面沸石结构和孔道保持良好.以未经过离子交换的NaY负载的CuY催化剂上的铜物种完全以CuO形式存在,且没有催化活性.随着NH_4~+交换度增加,CuY催化剂表面CuO含量逐渐降低,而活性中心Cu~(+)含量逐渐增加,且其催化活性也随之增加.当NH_4~+交换度趋于极限值时,CuY催化剂中Cu~(+)含量达最大,其催化活性也达最佳,DMC的时空收率和选择性分别为267.3mg/(g·h)和68.5%,甲醇转化率为6.9%.因此,无溶剂条件下,以NaNH_4Y分子筛为载体,Cu(acac)_2为铜源,制备完全无氯CuY催化剂时,NH_4~+是形成Cu~(+)活性中心的必须条件,且NH_4~+交换度直接影响催化剂CuY的催化活性.     

Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛表面酸性对其吸附脱硫性能的影响

用固相离子交换(SSIE)和液相离子交换(LPIE)法制备了不同离子交换度的Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛,采用吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)表征了分子筛的表面酸性,并用固定床吸附穿透实验评价了分子筛的吸附脱硫性能.结果表明,不同的离子交换法改性后,Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛仍然保持了完整的Y型分子筛结构.Cu+的交换量和表面酸性的分布显著地影响分子筛的吸附脱硫性能,固相离子交换后随离子交换度的增加,分子筛表面Br(o)nsted (B)酸逐渐转化为Lewis (L)酸,吸附性能增强.对不同离子交换法制备的Cu(Ⅰ)Y分子筛吸附脱硫性能与表面酸性关联后,发现分子筛表面B酸量减少,提高了分子筛的吸附脱硫活性.     

CuY型分子筛制备及吸附脱硫影响因素研究

通过液相离子交换法制备CuY型分子筛,并利用正交实验得到了制备过程中交换时间、交换温度、铜离子浓度的最佳条件。系统研究了CuY分子筛的焙烧温度、吸附时间、吸附温度对其吸附脱除模拟油中二苯并噻吩(DBT)的影响。采用XRD、ICP及BET比表面积分别对不同CuY分子筛的骨架结构及阳离子负载量进行了研究。结果表明,二次交换后,分子筛已达到交换平衡,最佳焙烧温度为450℃,温度过高会破坏分子筛的骨架结构;分子筛上的吸附水对其吸附脱除二苯并噻吩的能力有较大的影响。     

镧改性的CuHY分子筛中铜离子的分布及其对吸附脱硫性能的影响

在氮气气氛下采用等体积浸渍法制备了载Cu的HY和LaHY分子筛.用x射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附、氨程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱对分子筛进行了表征.通过多晶XRD确定了Cu2+离子在Y型分子筛笼内的结构与分布,并测定了分子筛在含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的模拟柴油中的吸附脱硫性能.结果表明,前驱体CuCl2中的大部分Cu物种与HY和LaHY分子筛进行了离子交换.对于La3+改性的CuHY分子筛(CuLaHY),进入分子筛超笼中的Cu2+离子与骨架氧和水分子配位,牢固地定位于Y型分子筛超笼的SⅡ及SⅢ位;对于CuHY分子筛,超笼中的Cu2+离子只接近于SⅡ及SⅢ位.极少部分CuCl分子高度分散在分子筛笼内,没有定位.处于超笼中SⅡ及SⅢ位的Cu2+离子对模拟柴油中的DBT分子具有吸附作用,是吸附脱硫的活性中心.CuLaHY分子筛的吸附脱硫性能优于CuHY分子筛.当模拟柴油中含有萘时,萘与DBT分子会产生竞争吸附.     

Selective adsorption of thiophene and 1-benzothiophene on metal-ion-exchanged zeolites in organic medium

Adsorption of the organic sulfur compounds thiophene (TP) and 1-benzothiophene (1-BTP) in an organic model solution of hydrodesulfurizated gasoline (heptane with 1 wt% toluene and 0.156 mM (5 ppmw as sulfur) TP or 1-BTP) was studied by a batch method at 80 degrees C using metal-ion-exchanged Y-zeolites. Although NaY-zeolite or its acid-treated material rarely adsorbed the organic sulfur compounds, NaY-zeolites exchanged with Ag+, Cu2+, and Ce3+ ions and NH(4)Y-zeolites exchanged with Ce3+ ions showed markedly high adsorptive capacities for TP and 1-BTP. The sulfur uptake increased in the order CuY-zeolite(Na)相似文献   

Use of radiotracer in adsorption studies of copper on peat

In this work copper adsorption by peat was studied using ⁶⁴Cu as tracer considering kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the process. The study was carried out in agitated batch experiments with copper ion solutions with different initial concentrations at pH 4.5. Adsorption isotherms determined from equilibrium experiments by fitting experimental data to the Langmuir equation showed good correlations. Data obtained from kinetics experiments were fitted to a pseudo-second order model and also in this case a good correlation was obtained. Some parameters calculated from these studies such as rate constant or peat sorption capacity can be used in the development of a waste treatment process based on peat adsorption in batch or in column. The use of the ⁶⁴Cu radiotracer is presented as a simple, rapid and efficient technique to assess the copper adsorption by the peat. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interaction between congo red and copper in a binary adsorption system: Spectroscopic and kinetic studies

This study focused on the competitive adsorption of congo red (CR) and copper by chitosan hydrogel beads in a binary adsorption system. Spectroscopic analysis, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were integrated with kinetic studies to elucidate the interaction. It was determined that chitosan hydrogel beads show better adsorption performance towards congo red and copper in single adsorption systems. The addition of copper caused a 25% reduction in congo red adsorption capacity, while copper adsorption was enhanced slightly by the presence of congo red. The adsorption results for binary adsorption systems seem due to competition for the present amine and hydroxyl groups that may occur between congo red and copper. A congo red–copper complex was formed in binary adsorption systems. Copper attached to chitosan hydrogel beads individually or was bound by the congo red–copper complex, which resulted in an increase in adsorption capacity. Chitosan exhibited higher adsorption selectivity to the free Cu²⁺ ion than the congo red–copper complex in the binary adsorption system. Adsorption of the congo red–copper complex indicated an inhibition in the attachment of the free Cu²⁺ ion in the form of Cu(II).     

The removal and kinetic study of Mn,Fe, Ni and Cu ions from wastewater onto activated carbon from coconut shells

Activated carbon from coconut shells (ACCS) was synthesised and used for the removal of metal ions (manganese, iron, nickel and copper) from aqueous solutions. Two different adsorption models were used for analysing the data. Adsorption capacities were determined: copper ions exhibited the greatest adsorption on activated carbon obtained from coconut shells because of their size and pH conditions. Adsorption capacity varied as a function of the pH. Adsorption isotherms from aqueous solutions of heavy metals on ACCS were determined and were found to be consistent with Langmuir’s adsorption model. Adsorbent quantity and immersion enthalpy were studied. The results were compared with other adsorbents used in a prior study.     

Adsorption of Copper (II) onto Different Adsorbents

Removal of copper (II) from aqueous solution of CuCl₂·2H₂O by different adsorbents, namely, sissoo sawdust, activated carbon, and fly ash were investigated. Adsorption of copper (II) on sissoo sawdust, activated carbon, and fly ash has been studied using batch techniques. Kinetic and isotherm studies were determined as a function of the solution pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial adsorbate concentration. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures. The maximum adsorption capacities for copper (II) on sissoo sawdust, activated carbon, and fly ash adsorbents at 30, 40, and 50°C temperatures were found to be 263.2, 166.6, and 142.8; 125.0, 88.49, and 72.46; 69.93, 181.8, and 111.1 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamics of copper (II) adsorption on sissoo sawdust, activated carbon, and fly ash indicates its spontaneous and endothermic nature. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Removal of Thiram from Aqueous Solutions

In this study activated carbon was used for the removal of thiram from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of time, initial thiram concentration and temperature. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich and Langmuir equilibrium models in the studied concentration range. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo second‐order kinetic model rather than pseudo first‐order model. The results from kinetic experiments were used to describe the adsorption mechanism. Both boundary layer and intraparticle diffusion played important role in the adsorption mechanism of thiram. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG₀, ΔH₀, and ΔS₀) were determined and the adsorption process was found to be an endothermic one. The negative values of ΔG⁰ at different temperatures were indicative of the spontaneity of the adsorption process.     

Concurrent dyes adsorption and photo-degradation on fly ash based substrates

Most of the dyes are organic compounds, with different degree of polarization and different groups with various steric effects, making their complete biodegradation slow or even impossible. Adsorption on fly ash and fly ash based substrates represents a possible alternative for simultaneous removal of dyes and heavy metals form wastewaters resulted in the textile industry. Adsorption (under visible light) and adsorption and photodegradation (under UV irradiation) studies were done on Methylene blue solutions and on their mixtures with heavy metals (copper and cadmium), in systems using fly ash as single substrate, or mixed with a wide band gap semiconductor (TiO₂). The titanium oxides and hematite content in fly ash proved to be responsible for photodegradation processes even in the absence of the TiO₂ powder, confirming that modified fly ash is a viable candidate in developing up scalable processes for advanced wastewater treatment. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies allow to calculate the parameters and to describe the complex mechanisms, involving competitive adsorption.     

Al2O3自电解质溶液中吸附CrO4^2^-的特性研究

本文特别延长了pH范围(2-10),详细研究pH、温度、外加正负离子对CrO4^2^-吸附量的影响,说明这种吸附主要是以离子交换方式进行的,并认为表面活性点是产生这类吸附的重要原因.     

Quartzite an efficient adsorbent for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions

Quartzite obtained from local source was investigated for the removal of anionic dye congo red (CR) and cationic dye malachite green (MG) as an adsorbent from aqueous solution in batch experiment. The adsorption process was studied as a function of dye concentration, contact time, pH and temperature. Adsorption process was described well by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption capacity remained 666.7 mg/g for CR dye and 348.125 mg/g for MG dye. Data was analyzed thermodynamically, ΔH⁰ and ΔG⁰ values proved that adsorption of CR and MG is an endothermic and spontaneous process. Adsorption data fitted best in the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The adsorption data proved that quartzite exhibits the best adsorption capacity and can be utilized for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes.     

Single, binary and multi-component adsorption of copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions on Kraft lignin--a biosorbent

A new biosorbent for removing toxic metal ions from water/industrial wastewater has been investigated using by-product lignin from paper production. Lignin was extracted from black liquor waste, characterized and utilized for the removal of copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions in single, binary and multi-component systems. Adsorption studies were conducted at different temperatures, lignin particle sizes, pHs and solid to liquid ratios. All the studies were conducted by a batch method to determine equilibrium and kinetic parameters. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied. The Langmuir model fits best the equilibrium isotherm data. The maximum lignin adsorption capacities at 25 degrees C were 87.05 mg/g (1.37 mmol/g) and 137.14 mg/g (1.22 mmol/g) for Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively. Adsorption of Cu2+ (68.63 mg/g at 10 degrees C and 94.68 mg/g at 40 degrees C) and Cd2+ (59.58 mg/g at 10 degrees C and 175.36 mg/g at 40 degrees C) increased with an increase in temperature. Copper and cadmium adsorption followed pseudo-second order rate kinetics. From kinetic studies, various rate and thermodynamic parameters such as effective diffusion coefficients, activation energy, and activation entropy were evaluated. Adsorption occurs through a particle diffusion mechanism at temperatures 10 and 25 degrees C while at 40 degrees C it occurs through a film diffusion mechanism. The sorption capacity of black liquor lignin is higher than many other adsorbents/carbons/biosorbents utilized for the removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from water/wastewater in single and multi-component systems.