甲醇在电解银催化剂表面上的氧化

＃ 用程序升温反应谱(TPRS)研究了甲醇在电解银工业催化剂表面上的氧化反应。结果表明:除少量H_2O和微量CO_3外,纯净的银表面不吸附CH_3OH,D_2等气体,当银表面预吸附氧后,显著增强了上述气体的吸附和反应。在程序升温过程中,甲醇与预吸附的氧发生表面反应,分别在温度400,500和630K时给出三组分开的产物群。由产物的峰形、峰温和动力学参数得出:第一、第三组产物群的控速步骤是两个不同的表面反应;第二组产物群的控速步骤为反应产物的表面脱附。     

在HZSM-5分子筛上甲醇脱水反应动力学研究——在活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器中稳态反应的分析

以连续流动稳态法研究了甲醇在HZSM-5分子筛上生成二甲醚的反应动力学。使用活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器,在150～190℃内分别得到相应的动力学数据。依据分子态吸附的甲醇在表面反应的可逆性及二甲醚吸附能力极弱的特性建立了反应机理模型,认为吸附态的与气相中的甲醇进行分子间反应生成二甲醚是速控步骤的Rideal-Eley机理。     

甲醇气相缩合制二甲醚反应动力学研究

在管式活塞流反应器上进行了甲醇在HZSM-5上缩合制二甲醚反应稳态动力学研究,获得了该反应是由双吸附甲醇分子或吸附甲醇分子与气相甲醇分子进行表面反应为控制步骤的动力学模型及其参数。     

在HZSM—5分子筛上甲醇脱水反庆动力学研究：—在活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器中稳态反应的分析

以连续动稳态法研究了甲醇在HZSM0－5分子筛上生成二甲醚的反应动力学，使用活塞流反应器及连续搅拌槽式反应器，在150－150℃内分别得到相应的动力学数据。依据分子态吸附的甲醇在表面反应的可逆性及二甲醚吸附能力极弱的特性建立了反应机理模型，认为吸附态的与气相中的甲醇进行分子间反应生成二甲醚是速控步骤的Rideal-Eley机理。     

单晶表面上水-气转移反应动力学及可逆吸附的作用—─Monte Carlo 模拟研究

用二元方格网络表示Ｃｕ（１１１）单晶表面上吸附活性位构型，建立了一个水－气转移反应的蒙特卡罗模型；对水－气转移反应的动力学进行了模拟，并研究了可逆吸附在表面反应中的重要作用．当水的解离吸附为反应的决速步骤时，模拟得到的ＣＯ和Ｈ２Ｏ的反应级数与Ｃａｍｐｂｅｌ等的单晶实验结果一致．模拟研究还表明，可逆吸附不仅可以抑制催化剂表面同种吸附物种ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒ的形成，而且可以不断提供新的吸附活性位，从而使表面反应稳定进行得以维持．     

Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂上费-托合成反应动力学研究Ⅰ. 反应途径分析

 采用单位键指标-二次指数势(UBI-QEP)方法对模型催化剂Co(0001)晶面进行了费-托(F-T)合成反应的反应能学分析,发现以不含氧的CxHy,s 作为中间体的表面碳化物机理在能量上较为合理,而CH2,s 作为链增长单体的链增长方式是能量上最有利的F-T合成反应途径. 在Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂上的非稳态实验研究中发现,在F-T合成的操作温度范围内,H2O的生成是主要的表面O的移去方式; CO解离和表面碳物种Cs加氢可能是F-T合成中的重要速控步骤; 链增长过程是F-T合成反应中较快的基元反应步骤; 甲烷的生成具有多种不同活性的表面前驱体,导致生成的甲烷严重偏离经典的ASF分布规律. 结合F-T合成表面反应的研究结果,初步确定了F-T合成动力学研究中需要考虑的机理模型的范围是以CO解离和表面碳物种Cs加氢为速控步骤,以CH2,s 插入为链增长途径的表面碳化物机理. 该结果缩小了待选动力学模型的范围.     

Pt基催化剂表面氢氧电催化反应的理论计算研究

氢氧电催化反应是氢能源体系的重要反应,其热力学和动力学直接影响水解制氢和燃料电池的能量效率和功率密度.过去十多年来,基于量子化学的理论计算在电催化剂设计及电催化反应机理研究中得到广泛应用.结合文献结果,本文介绍了近年来在Pt基催化剂表面氢、氧电催化反应理论计算研究中获得的结果和认识.在研究中重点对反应中间体吸附结构、覆盖度及其对反应路径和动力学的影响机制进行了分析.结果指出,反应中间体的吸附特性不仅会影响反应控制步骤的活化能,同时通过改变表面反应活性位的结构和数量影响表面反应速率.对火山顶点附近的Pt基催化剂,简单计算的吸附能不足以准确预测催化剂活性,必须考虑吸附质的覆盖度和吸附结构的影响.在此认识基础上,根据表面反应自由能及速率与关键中间体吸附能、覆盖度及电极电势的关系建立微观动力学模型,利用密度泛函理论计算获得关键吸附中间体在催化剂表面的电化学吸附等温线(吸附结构及覆盖度与电极电势的关系),确定反应活性位、反应路径和动力学,构建催化活性与吸附能的关系曲线,预测催化剂的表面结构及尺寸效应,并对一些重要实验结果进行解释.     

乙炔加氢串行反应动力学研究

为考察H_2/C_2H_2可变条件下乙炔加氢的串行反应动力学行为,利用Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理模型关联稳态实验数据而进行动力学模型鉴别。结果表明,反应是按表面控制的机理进行的。据此求出了乙炔、乙烯的加氢反应速率常数和吸附参数。     

动态分析解析解方法研究可逆吸附及不可逆吸附在多相催化反应中的作用

提出了一个多相催化反应中可逆吸附物种及不可逆吸附物种同时参与反应的动态分析解析解新模型。在同时考虑轴向扩散、不可逆物种吸附速率以及可逆物种和不可逆物种表面反应速率的情况下,通过解析解对实验曲线进行拟合计算,即可求出各反应的速率常数。在不同简化条件下,由解析解可自然得到稳态方程、不可逆物种表面反应流出曲线解析解以及迎头吸附流出曲线解析解等。通过理论计算,考察了各速率参数对流出曲线的影响。     

甲醇氧化羰基化反应中CO和CH3O在CuCl（111）表面上吸附作用的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论方法,采用广义梯度近似方法结合周期平板模型,对甲醇氧化羰基化反应中CuCl(111)表面上CO和CH3O的吸附、共吸附及CH3OCO的吸附进行了系统研究,探讨了CO和CH3O反应生成CH3OCO以及CH3OCO和CH3O反应生成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的动力学特性.计算结果表明,在CuCl(111)表面的共吸附体系中,CO和CH3O之间的相互作用力比自由态的CO和CH3O之间的作用力大;CO和CH3O反应生成CH3OCO为整个甲醇氧化羰基化反应的速控步骤,活化能为113.19 kJ/mol,计算结果与实验结果一致.     

渣油加氢脱残炭的动力学模型研究

以渣油为原料在200 mL反应装置上进行加氢脱残炭试验，同时依据渣油残炭的结构组成以及加氢脱残炭的反应历程，对试验结果进行了分析，在此基础上提出渣油加氢脱残炭的三集总反应动力学模型，并与一集总和二集总加氢脱残炭反应动力学模型进行比较。结果表明，一集总动力学模型不能用来描述渣油加氢脱残炭过程，从二、三集总动力学模型的预测数据与试验值误差来分析，将沥青质与胶质做为一个集总或渣油原料的沥青质含量较少时所建立的动力学模型，两者误差精度相当。用三集总的一级反应动力学模型预测渣油加氢脱残炭过程时，与试验值相比，加氢脱残炭转化率的平均绝对误差为0.005 6，加氢渣油残炭值的平均相对误差为1.01％。     

煤焦水蒸气气化动力学模型及参数敏感性研究

在热重分析仪上对小龙潭煤焦、府谷煤焦和晋城煤焦水蒸气气化过程进行了研究。使用收缩核模型、混合模型和随机孔模型模拟了三种煤焦水蒸气气化反应过程。结果表明,混合模型总体上模拟效果最好,收缩核模型和随机孔模型对低变质程度的小龙潭煤焦气化过程模拟效果不佳,但是适用于模拟另外两种煤阶较高的煤焦气化过程。求解了三种模型的动力学参数,并分析了不同模型参数出现差异的原因。同时,采用敏感性分析法定量研究了模型中的参数发生偏差时引起模型误差的大小,并通过比较发现反应速率常数k为敏感性因素,而混合模型中反应级数n和随机孔模型中孔结构参数ψ为非敏感性因素。     

Kinetic and chemometric studies of the determination of creatinine using the Jaffé reaction. Part 2. Application to human serum samples: kinetic behaviour and chemometric evaluation of the determination

The kinetic behaviour of the reaction of alkaline picrate with creatinine in human serum samples was found to be similar to that for standard creatinine solutions containing albumin. A chemometric evaluation of the kinetic determination of creatinine using the Jaffé reaction was carried out. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) method applied to the delta A45,180 values, obtained from two replicates of three different serum samples over a period of 10 d, showed that the between-day and between-replicate variations added a component to the total variability, the residual error (delta R2) being 5 X 10(-5). A study of the accuracy of the determination was carried out by means of percentage recovery experiments, Youden's method and the standard additions method. Percentage recovery experiments showed that albumin has a marked effect on the results obtained. The application of Youden's method to four serum samples indicated that the method does not have a constant bias error, but, by applying the standard additions method it was concluded that the method has a proportional bias error. The recovery factor, defined as the ratio of the slope of the standard additions graph to that of the standard response graph, was also calculated for the four serum samples. The best values were obtained with different standard response graphs (7.7, 15.4 and 25.6 g l-1 of albumin) for each sample. A modification of the routine procedure used in clinical laboratories is proposed. This modification is based on the principles of the standard additions method and gives better results for creatinine content than those obtained with the routine procedure.     

速差动力学分析法同时测定铁、锌、铜

将化学计量学方法引入速差动力学分析方法中,在不预知动力学模型参数(速率常数)的情况下,用人工神经网络(ANN)依据铁、锌、铜的EGTA配合物与PAR置换反应的速度差异,对其三组分混合体系进行了同时测定.并对人工神经网络和偏最小二乘法对多波长、多时间点的三维量测模型的解析能力进行了比较,结果表明前者总体上优于后者.混合体系中铁、锌、铜测定的相对标准偏差分别为1.63%,3.29%和4.41%.本法还被用于饲料添加剂中微量元素的测定.     

Chemometrics study of the kinetics of the Griess reaction

The kinetics of the Griess reaction in which 3‐nitroaniline acts as a nitrosation agent and 1‐naphtylamine as a coupling reagent was studied by chemometrics methods. The kinetic reaction was investigated under pH 1.0 and 25°C by UV‐vis spectrophotometry. The concentrations of nitrite, 3‐nitroaniline and 1‐naphtylamine were such that a second‐order kinetic reaction took place. Data explorations based on principal component analysis and multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares were performed to obtain information about the reaction. Calculation of band boundaries of the multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares solutions showed that the rotational ambiguities associated with the calculation of spectra and concentration profiles have been completely removed. The decrease in the ambiguity of the recovered solutions was closely related to the application of the equality constraint. The results of the exploratory data analysis showed that the kinetic reaction proceeds through a two‐step mechanism. Moreover, the two‐steps are second order. Data analysis approaches based on hard modeling and global hard modeling were used to resolve profiles of the reactants, intermediates and products and to evaluate the rate constants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of temperature transients for biomass pretreatment in tubular batch reactors and impact on xylan hydrolysis kinetics

A combined heat transfer/kinetic model was developed to quantify temperature variations in small tubular batch reactors and estimate the effect of deviations from isothermal operation on the kinetics of biomass pretreatment. Assuming that heat transfer was dominated by conduction in the radial direction, a classic parabolic time-dependent partial differential equation was applied to describe the temperature in the system and dedimensionalized to provide a single solution for application to all situations. A dimensionless expression for the reaction kinetics for xylan hydrolysis was then developed, and a single parameter expressed as the dimensionless ratio of the first-order rate constant times the tube radius squared divided by the thermal diffusivity was found to control the reaction rate. Three different characterizations of the deviation between the concentration profile predicted for isothermal xylan hydrolysis and that based on the transient temperature were directly related to this dimensionless rate constant parameter for both catalyzed and uncatalyzed hydrolysis kinetics. These results were then used to project the relationship between deviations in yield from isothermal results and the tube radius and reaction time.     

催化荧光光度法测定血红蛋白

基于血红蛋白(Hb)对过氧化氢氧化靛蓝胭脂红体系的催化作用,建立了模拟酶催化荧光光度法测定血红蛋白的新方法并对催化氧化反应的机理进行了初步探讨。实验发现体系的荧光强度与血红蛋白浓度在6.20×10-11~7.75×10-8mol/L范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限为1.67×10-11mol/L。方法用于人血中血红蛋白含量的测定,回收率为98.8%~103.2%。     

苯并氮杂冠醚-15-冠-5 Schiff碱钴(Ⅱ)配合物在胶束中催化BNPP水解研究

在催化磷酸二酯水解的模拟酶模型中,配合物配体结构扮演了非常重要的角色[1-2]。由于冠醚环具有主客体识别功能,在酶学理论中把它作为模拟酶的第一代生物有机体。镶嵌有过渡金属离子的冠醚配合物对催化磷酸二酯水解具有很好的活性[3];Schiff碱过渡金属离子配合物对催化磷酸二酯水解也具有很好的活性[4]。因此,冠醚Schiff碱过渡金属离子配合物对催化磷酸二酯水解也应具有很好的活性,这已有所报道[5]。但冠醚结构和过渡金属离子相同而取代基不同的配合物作为模拟酶催化磷酸二酯水解还未见报道。本文按文献设计合成了三种冠醚结构相同而取代基…     

Uncertainty analysis of correlated parameters in automated reaction mechanism generation

Uncertainty analysis is a useful tool for inspecting and improving detailed kinetic mechanisms because it can identify the greatest sources of model output error. Owing to the very nonlinear relationship between kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and computed concentrations, model predictions can be extremely sensitive to uncertainties in some parameters while uncertainties in other parameters can be irrelevant. Error propagation becomes even more convoluted in automatically generated kinetic models, where input uncertainties are correlated through kinetic rate rules and thermodynamic group values. Local and global uncertainty analyses were implemented and used to analyze error propagation in Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG), an open-source software for generating kinetic models. A framework for automatically assigning parameter uncertainties to estimated thermodynamics and kinetics was created, enabling tracking of correlated uncertainties. Local first-order uncertainty propagation was implemented using sensitivities computed natively within RMG. Global uncertainty analysis was implemented using adaptive Smolyak pseudospectral approximations as implemented in the MIT Uncertainty Quantification Library to efficiently compute and construct polynomial chaos expansions to approximate the dependence of outputs on a subset of uncertain inputs. Cantera was used as a backend for simulating the reactor system in the global analysis. Analyses were performed for a phenyldodecane pyrolysis model. Local and global methods demonstrated similar trends; however, many uncertainties were significantly overestimated by the local analysis. Both local and global analyses show that correlated uncertainties based on kinetic rate rules and thermochemical groups drastically reduce a model's degrees of freedom and have a large impact on the determination of the most influential input parameters. These results highlight the necessity of incorporating uncertainty analysis in the mechanism generation workflow.     

裂化催化剂水热失活动力学及装置平衡活性模型

根据裂化催化剂水热失活过程伴随着超稳化过程的特点，确定了对应不同自抑制函数的催化剂水热失活动力学模型方程。利用裂化催化剂水热失活实验数据进行参数估值，建立了裂化催化剂水热失活动力学模型。统计检验结果表明，二级自抑制的一级水热失活模型能很好地模拟实验数据，是较理想的水热失活动力学模型。考虑工业装置中裂化催化剂呈全混流，建立了裂化催化剂平衡活性模型方程，并且装置平衡催化剂微反活性的模型计算值与实测值相当吻合。该模型的预测结果表明，随着再生器温度或催化剂藏量的提高，平衡剂的微反活性逐步降低；平衡剂微反活性随催化剂单耗的提高先快速提高，然后缓慢提高。