流化床中生物质热解气化的模型研究

对水蒸汽和氮气流化条件下，流化床内生物质热解气化生成的纯煤气产率及低位热值随反应温度的变化特性进行了研究。在五种生物质原料实验数据的基础上，进一步研究了流化床内生物质热解气化生成气体产物的反应动力学模型，得到了纯煤气产率和热值的计算公式，并推荐了循环流化床条件下生物质热解的计算方法。     

水蒸汽流化条件下的煤气化实验与模型研究

本文在实验室条件下对赤峰的两种褐煤进行了煤热解气化实验研究，考察了气化室温度和流化状态等实验条件变化对煤气产率，组分的影响，得到了具体条件下的煤气化综合过程实验数据。     

利用Py-GC/MS研究温度和时间对生物质热解的影响

以稻壳为原料,采用Py-GC/MS装置对其在不同热解条件下进行快速热解,并对热解气进行在线检测分析,考察了热解温度和时间对生物质热解性质的影响.结果表明,低于450 ℃,随着温度的升高,生物质热解产物种类及其产率均增加,但低温条件下产物种类较少,有利于产物的分离提纯;高于450 ℃,生物质热解产物种类基本稳定,仅在产率上有所变化,当550 ℃时,收率最大.随着热解温度的升高,其对应的最佳热解时间缩短,且生物质低温热解时间延长时热解比高温解热时间缩短时热解更充分.     

烟煤与生物质快速共热解产物特性分析

研究了烟煤(YL)分别与富含半纤维素的玉米芯(CB)和富含木质素的松木屑(SD)快速共热解产物产率和气体组成的变化规律。结果表明,烟煤与生物质共热解组分互相作用,造成共热解气、液、固相产率和气体组成的明显变化,且与生物质种类有关。相对于独立热解过程,玉米芯丰富的半纤维素造成热解水蒸气和CO₂浓度较高,且玉米芯中富含的K元素挥发迁移至煤焦表面,对热解半焦与水蒸气、CO₂的气化反应起到催化作用,反应生成的H₂和富氢组分易与热解生成的自由基结合,抑制自由基之间的缩聚反应,使得共热解气体和液体产率增加,而半焦产率减小。烟煤/松木屑共热解过程中,松木屑中富含的Ca元素在煤焦表面迁移,促进了松木屑热解液体在半焦表面裂解反应,生成CO₂、CO和富氢自由基等轻质组分,造成共热解半焦和液体产率降低而气体产率增加。热解产物半焦、焦油、水蒸气、CO₂之间的气化和裂解反应均产生富氢的次生组分,从而提高了共热解气体中CO和烃类气体产率,降低了H₂产率。     

生物质热解过程中NO、NH3和HCN的释放特性

在氩气气氛下,利用固定床反应器对稻草（DC）、麦杆（MG）和锯末（JM）三种生物质进行热解实验,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）在线检测热解气体产物中的含氮组分,分析各种气相含氮组分的释放规律。实验结果表明,由于锯末中木质素含量较高,锯末热解开始快速释放NO、NH₃和HCN的温度明显高于稻草和麦杆。稻草热解过程中生成的NH₃、HCN和NO量最大。低温下NH₃的生成至少部分与生物质中氨基结构的分解有关,HCN的生成温度较高。不同生物质热解过程中NO、NH₃和HCN释放特性的差异,是由生物质大分子结构不同、灰分含量及成分不同、N含量不同等决定的,以及氮在生物焦、焦油和气相间的分配差异造成的。     

钾对松木热解特性影响实验研究

采用管式炉热解实验装置对浸渍K2CO3松木进行直接热解,并将松木热解气通过含钾石英砂层、含钾焦层以模拟钾对热解气体反应的影响。结果表明,松木中浸渍K后会促进热解固体焦生成,提高H2/CO比,低温下K会降低液相产率、提高气相产率,而热解温度较高时则使气体产率下降、液体产率提高。松木热解气经过含K石英砂后发生催化裂解,液体产率降低,CO、CO2和H2产量上升。松木焦也可以催化裂解焦油,使气体产物增加,H2和CO2产量提高,CO、CH4和C2产量降低。K与松木焦共同作用,不仅使焦油发生裂解而且促进更多焦参与气固反应。钾对松木热解作用是通过对松木的直接热解、对气体中间产物再反应的均相催化及对固体焦气化的非均相催化等复杂过程实现的。     

生物油TG-FTIR分析与热解气化特性研究

以稻壳快速热解产物生物油为对象,在对其进行热重红外检测的基础上,结合生物油及其轻质、重质组分的热解气化实验,研究了生物油热解气化过程及气体产出特性。结果表明,生物油的热解气化分为两个阶段,一是轻质组分的快速挥发热解;二是重质组分的裂解气化与缩合缩聚,活化能分别为35~38 kJ/mol和15~22 kJ/mol。温度升高,热解气化效率增加,以H₂和CO为主的合成气产量增多,但气体产物热值降低。气体中H₂主要来自轻质组分的热解气化,而重质组分则裂解产生较多的CO、CH₄等物质。     

天然铁矿石为氧载体的生物质化学链气化制合成气实验研究

在一个小型鼓泡流化床反应器上以Ar气为流化介质,对以天然铁矿石为氧载体的生物质化学链气化制合成气过程进行了研究。考察了反应温度对合成气组分、气体产率、碳转化率以及气化效率的影响,反应时间对合成气组分的影响;探讨了氧载体存在对生物质气化过程的影响。结果表明,天然铁矿石可以作为生物质化学链气化制合成气反应过程的氧载体,代替富氧空气或高温水蒸气作为生物质气化的气化剂;随着温度的升高,产物气体中CO、H₂的浓度逐渐增加,CO₂、CH₄浓度缓慢降低;随着反应时间的延长,合成气中H₂、CO、CH₄的相对浓度缓慢增加,而CO₂相对浓度逐渐降低;氧载体的存在能显著提高气体产率和碳的转化率及气化效率。扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)分析表明,当超过850 ℃时,铁矿石氧载体颗粒表面烧结现象明显,但反应前后,颗粒表面的成分及含量基本保持不变。     

废聚丙烯塑料等离子体热解研究——水蒸气的加入对改善气体品质的影响

以聚丙烯为试验物料，利用N2热等离子体在等离子体反应器内进行了一系列热解试验，重点考察了气体产物成分及含量。在反应过程中加入过热水蒸气以改善气体品质，在本实验条件下，气体产物中CO与H2之和可以达到40%，C2H2可达到5%。     

城市生活垃圾低温热解产气特性的实验研究

用直径200 mm的外热式固定床反应器，以城市生活垃圾中9种典型成分的混合物为实验物料，在300 ℃～700 ℃对其进行了低温热解的实验研究。结果表明，在其他条件相同的情况下，随着热解温度的提高，热解反应所需时间缩短；热解气的总产率、最大瞬时产率均增加；热解气的各成分随温度的升高呈现出不同的变化趋势；热解气的热值在600 ℃达到最大值，为15.13 MJ/m3，可满足民用燃气的要求。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.